Nanocryotron “Superconductivity Switch” Supercharges Particle Detectors

Argonne National Laboratory’s nanocryotron amplifies weak electrical signals in particle detectors, crucial for collider experiments like those at Brookhaven. Its design allows for improved performance in high magnetic fields, marking a significant step in superconducting technology. Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Argonne researchers have created a new device that acts like a superconductivity switch, helping boost the signal of tiny particles in particle colliders.

In particle colliders that reveal the hidden secrets of the tiniest constituents of our universe, minute particles leave behind extremely faint electrical traces when they are generated in enormous collisions. Some detectors in these facilities use superconductivity — a phenomenon in which electricity is carried with zero resistance at low temperatures — to function.

For scientists to more accurately observe the behavior of these particles, these weak electrical signals, or currents, need to be multiplied by an instrument capable of turning a faint electrical flicker into a real jolt.

Advancements in Current Multiplication

Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory have developed a new device that acts as a ​“current multiplier.” This device, called a nanocryotron, is a prototype for a mechanism that could turn up a particle’s electrical signal high enough to a level where it temporarily turns off the superconductivity of the material, essentially creating a kind of on-off switch.

“This work is especially important for collider experiments, such as those that will be performed at the Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory.”

— Argonne Distinguished Fellow and group leader Zein-Eddine MezianiA

“We’re taking a small signal and using it to trigger an electric cascade,” said Tomas Polakovic, one of Argonne’s Maria Goeppert Mayer Fellows and an author of the study. ​“We’re going to funnel the very small current of these detectors into the switching device, which can be then used to switch a much bigger current.”

Enhancing Nanocryotron Performance

To prepare the nanocryotron for a collider experiment will take some more work because of the high magnetic fields involved. While today’s particle detectors can withstand magnetic fields of several tesla in strength, this switch’s performance degrades in high magnetic fields.

“Finding ways to make the device work in higher magnetic fields is key to incorporating it into a real experiment,” said Argonne graduate research assistant Timothy Draher, another author of the study.

To make this possible, the researchers plan to change the geometry of the material and introduce defects, or tiny holes. These defects will help researchers stabilize small superconducting vortices in the material, the movement of which can lead to an unanticipated disruption of superconductivity.

False color scanning electron microscope image of a parallel-channel superconducting nanocryotron. Blue highlights the ground plane, grey shows the trench and nanowire gaps, green represents the effective NbN channel, and red signifies the NbN gate to choke constriction. Scale bars correspond to 2 μm. Credit: Argonne National Laboratory

Fabrication and Potential Applications

The nanocryotron was created by using electron beam lithography, a kind of stenciling technique that uses a beam of electrons to remove a polymer film to expose a particular region of interest. That region of interest is then etched using plasma ion etching.

“We basically just strip away the parts that are exposed, leaving behind the device that we want to use,” Draher said.

According to Argonne physicist Valentine Novosad, another author of the study, the new device also could serve as the basis for a kind of electronic logic circuitry.

“This work is especially important for collider experiments, such as those that will be performed at the Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. There, superconducting nanowire detectors, positioned close to the beams, would require microelectronics immune to magnetic fields,” said Argonne Distinguished Fellow and group leader Zein-Eddine Meziani.

A paper based on the study, ​“Design and performance of parallel-channel nanocryotrons in magnetic fields,” appeared in the December 18, 2023 edition of Applied Physics Letters. In addition to Draher, Zein-Eddine, Polakovic and Novosad, authors include Yi Li, John Pearson, Alan Dibos and Zhili Xiao.

Reference: “Design and performance of parallel-channel nanocryotrons in magnetic fields” by Timothy Draher, Tomas Polakovic, Yi Li, John Pearson, Alan Dibos, Zein-Eddine Meziani, Zhili Xiao, Valentine Novosad, 18 December 2023, Applied Physics Letters.
DOI: 10.1063/5.0180709

The work was funded by DOE’s Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics. Work to perform reactive ion etching of the superconducting films in the experiment was carried out at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, a DOE User Facility.