New Tool to Probe Fundamental Matter – Quarks, Bosons, Electrons

The origin of matter remains a complex and open question. A novel experimental approach — described in Nature Physics — could be exploited to better test the theories of physicists.

Quarks, bosons, electrons … Identifying elementary constituents of matter, and the manner by which these particles interact with each other, constitutes one of the greatest challenges in modern physical sciences. Resolving this outstanding problem will not only deepen our understanding of the early days of the Universe, but it will also shed some light on exotic states of matter such as superconductors.

Besides gases, liquids and solids, matter can exist in other forms when it is subjected to extreme conditions. Such situations were encountered in the Universe right after the Big Bang, and they can also be mimicked in the laboratory. And while a plethora of elementary particles were discovered in high-energy colliders, complex questions regarding their interactions and the existence of novel states of matter remain unanswered.

In collaboration with the experimental group of Immanuel Bloch, Monika Aidelsburger and Christian Schweizer (Munich), and theorists Eugene Demler and Fabian Grusdt (Harvard), Nathan Goldman and Luca Barbiero (Physics of Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Science Faculty) propose and validate and novel experimental approach by which these rich phenomena can be finely studied. Published in Nature Physics, their work reports on the experimental realization of a “lattice gauge theory,” a theoretical model initially proposed by Kenneth Wilson — Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 — to describe the interactions between elementary particles such as quarks and gluons. The authors demonstrate that their experimental setup, an ultracold gas of atoms manipulated by lasers, indeed reproduces the characteristics of such an appealing model. The challenge consisted in implementing well-defined interactions between “matter” particles and “gauge bosons,” which are the mediators of fundamental forces. In the cold-atom context, these different types of particles are represented by different atomic states, which can be addressed in a very fine manner using lasers.

This novel experimental approach constitutes an important step for the quantum simulation of more sophisticated theories, which may eventually shed some light on open questions in high-energy and solid-state physics using table-top experiments.

Reference: “Floquet approach to ℤ₂ lattice gauge theories with ultracold atoms in optical lattices” by Christian Schweizer, Fabian Grusdt, Moritz Berngruber, Luca Barbiero, Eugene Demler, Nathan Goldman, Immanuel Bloch and Monika Aidelsburger, 16 September 2019, Nature Physics.
DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0649-7

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