New research using fruit flies reveals that Alzheimer’s disease impacts not just the brain, but the entire body.
Alzheimer’s disease is usually thought of as a brain disorder, but new research suggests its effects reach far beyond the brain. Scientists have discovered that this condition may also impact other organs throughout the body.
Using the laboratory fruit fly as a model, researchers from Baylor College of Medicine, the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, and partner institutions have uncovered how Alzheimer’s-related changes can spread across multiple tissues. Their findings, recently published in Neuron, could lead to the discovery of new diagnostic markers and more effective treatment strategies for Alzheimer’s disease.
“Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation in the brain of amyloid plaques containing the Aβ42 protein and tangles of thread-like structures of the Tau protein. To better understand how the disorder affects other organs in the body, we created an Alzheimer’s Disease Fly Cell Atlas, which profiles the genes expressed by single cells of 219 cell types in the heads and bodies of Alzheimer’s disease fruit flies,” said co-corresponding author Dr. Hongjie Li, assistant professor of molecular and human genetics and the Huffington Center on Aging at Baylor. He also is a member of Baylor’s Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease in Flies
The researchers created Alzheimer’s disease fruit flies by expressing Aβ42 or Tau only in the neurons of adult flies. This approach avoids developmental effects and focuses on adult characteristics. Then, they assessed the presence of changes in the brains and other organs of these modified flies.
“We found that expressing Aβ42 or Tau in neurons affected both neurons and other tissues in the fruit fly body,” said co-first author Ye-Jin Park, a graduate student co-mentored by Li and Dr. Hugo Bellen. “Aβ42 expression primarily affected the nervous system. Sensory neurons involved in vision, audition, and olfaction were particularly vulnerable. A decline in the sense of smell can be an early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease, and in this study, we identified specific olfactory neurons affected by Aβ42 in fruit flies.”
“On the other hand, Tau expression in neurons led to significant changes, mostly in peripheral tissues, for instance altered fat metabolism and digestion,n and reduced fecundity. These alterations mimic age-associated changes, suggesting that Tau expression accelerates aging,” said co-first author Dr. Tzu-Chiao Lu, a postdoctoral associate in the Li lab. “We found that neuronal connectivity and other factors that mediate brain-body communication were disrupted in Tau flies.”
A New Resource for Alzheimer’s Research
“These and other findings described in the Alzheimer’s Disease Fly Cell Atlas improve our understanding of how Alzheimer’s disease-associated proteins, Aβ42 and Tau, affect an organism as a whole,” said Bellen, co-corresponding author of the work. Bellen is a Distinguished Service Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor and chair in neurogenetics in the Duncan NRI.
This comprehensive resource serves as a valuable tool for the neurodegeneration research community. The Alzheimer’s Disease Fly Cell Atlas enables further exploration of whole-body changes and brain-body interactions in Alzheimer’s disease that may lead to a better understanding of the condition and improved treatments.
Reference: “Distinct systemic impacts of Aβ42 and Tau revealed by whole-organism snRNA-seq” by Ye-Jin Park, Tzu-Chiao Lu, Tyler Jackson, Lindsey D. Goodman, Lindsey Ran, Jiaye Chen, Chung-Yi Liang, Erin Harrison, Christina Ko, Xi Chen, Baiping Wang, Ao-Lin Hsu, Elizabeth Ochoa, Kevin F. Bieniek, Shinya Yamamoto, Yi Zhu, Hui Zheng, Yanyan Qi, Hugo J. Bellen and Hongjie Li, 16 May 2025, Neuron.
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2025.04.017
Other contributors to this work include Tyler Jackson, Lindsey goodman, Lindsey Ran, Jiaye Chen, Chung-Yi Liang, Erin Harrison, Christina Ko, Xi Chen, Baiping Wang, Ao-Lin Hsu, Elizabeth Ochoa, Kevin F. Bieniek, Shinya Yamamoto, Yi Zhu, Hui Zheng and Yanyan Qi. The authors are affiliated with one or more of the following institutions: Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University – Taiwan, University of Michigan, and U.T. Health San Antonio.
This study was supported by grants from NIH/NIA R01-AG073260, OD R24-OD02205, OD R24-OD031447, NIH/NIGMS R01-GM067858, NIH/NIA U01-AG072439, the Huffington Foundation, the endowment of the Chair of the Neurological Research Institute, a CPRIT Scholarship in Cancer Research (RR200063,) and NIH/NIA U01-AG086143.
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