Safer Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment Provides Relief Without Surgery

Placebo-controlled clinical trial shows that non-invasive radiation therapy provides a conservative option compared to medications and joint surgery.

A new randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial suggests that a single round of low-dose radiation therapy could serve as a safe and effective option for relieving pain in people with knee osteoarthritis.

In the study, patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis of the knee experienced notable reductions in pain and improvements in mobility within four months of treatment. The radiation dose was only a small fraction of that typically used in cancer therapy.

Because the trial included a control group that received simulated radiation, the researchers were able to separate the true therapeutic benefits from placebo effects, which are often seen in osteoarthritis research. The preliminary results from this Korean study were recently presented at the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Annual Meeting.

Bridging the gap between drugs and surgery

“People with painful knee osteoarthritis often face a difficult choice between the risks of side effects from pain medications and the risks of joint replacement surgery,” said Byoung Hyuck Kim, MD, PhD, principal investigator on the trial and an assistant professor of radiation oncology at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Boramae Medical Center. “There’s a clinical need for moderate interventions between weak pain medications and aggressive surgery, and we think radiation may be a suitable option for those patients, especially when drugs and injections are poorly tolerated.”

Osteoarthritis is the most widespread form of arthritis, affecting roughly 32.5 million adults in the United States. The condition develops as the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually deteriorates, leading to pain and stiffness. It most commonly affects joints such as the knees and hips, often restricting movement and diminishing quality of life. Early management typically relies on lifestyle adjustments and pain-relieving medications, while surgery becomes an option as symptoms progress.

Revisiting an overlooked therapy

Low-dose radiation therapy is commonly used to treat joint pain in several European countries, including Germany and Spain, where it is broadly accepted. However, Dr. Kim noted that before this study, there had been few high-quality randomized trials comparing the treatment to a placebo, and awareness of the therapy among medical professionals in other parts of the world remains limited.

“There is a misconception that medicinal, or therapeutic, radiation is always delivered in high doses,” he said. “But for osteoarthritis, the doses are only a small fraction of what we use for cancer, and the treatment targets joints that are positioned away from vital organs, which lowers the likelihood of side effects.” In this study, he noted, the doses were less than 5% of those typically used for cancer treatments, and no radiation-related side effects were observed.

How the clinical trial was designed

In this multicenter trial, researchers enrolled 114 patients with moderate-to-mild knee osteoarthritis across three academic centers in Korea. Participants were randomly assigned to receive one of two radiation regimens — a very low dose (0.3 Gy) or a low dose (3 Gy) — or a control group that underwent simulated (sham) radiation. In this placebo group, patients went through the same setup for radiation therapy, but the treatment machine did not deliver any radiation. All participants received six sessions and did not know which group they were in.

To avoid masking any treatment effects, the use of other pain relievers was restricted, with only acetaminophen allowed as needed during the first four months. Response to treatment was assessed using internationally accepted criteria that classify a patient as a “responder” if they achieve meaningful improvement in at least two of three areas: pain, physical function, and overall assessment of their condition. Patients also completed a separate questionnaire for pain, stiffness, and function. No treatment-related side effects were reported.

After four months, 70% of patients in the 3 Gy group met responder criteria, compared to 42% in the placebo group (p=0.014). Outcomes in the 0.3 Gy group were not significantly different from the control group (58.3% improved, p=0.157), indicating the 3 Gy regimen drove relief beyond placebo effects.

Meaningful improvements in the composite score of pain, stiffness, and physical function were reported more often in the 3 Gy group (56.8%) than in the placebo group (30.6%, p=0.024). For other secondary outcomes, including the amount of pain medication needed, there were no significant differences.

Accounting for placebo effects and study design

Dr. Kim said this trial differed from previous research in two critical ways. “The sham-controlled design helped rule out placebo effects, and we limited stronger analgesics, which made differences between groups more clearly attributable to the radiation itself,” he said.

“In previous studies, drugs such as NSAIDs or opioids were also used during the intervention or follow-up period. But using these pain relievers could mask the effects of radiation therapy,” he said. Because analgesic use was limited to acetaminophen only during the four months of follow-up in this trial, “that means the differences between treatment groups are more clearly attributable to the low-dose radiation therapy itself.”

Responses in the placebo arms were substantial — about 40% met the criteria for treatment response without true radiation — but are consistent with rates reported in prior osteoarthritis trials of injections or medications and in at least one similar European study, Dr. Kim said. “It was surprising, and it underscores how important placebo-controlled designs are in osteoarthritis research. We need to examine this more closely in future studies.”

A potential middle ground for future care

Radiation therapy may be best suited for patients with underlying inflammation and preserved joint structure, he explained. “For severe osteoarthritis, where the joint is physically destroyed and cartilage is already gone, radiation will not regenerate tissue,” Dr. Kim said. “But for people with mild to moderate disease, this approach could delay the need for joint replacement.”

He emphasized that low-dose radiation should be considered as part of shared decision-making alongside standard measures such as weight loss, physiotherapy, and medications. “In clinical practice, responses could be even stronger when radiation is properly combined with other treatments, and patient satisfaction may be higher than with current options alone.”

The research team is completing a 12-month follow-up to assess the durability of benefits and to correlate symptom relief with imaging-based measures of joint structure. Planned studies also include larger, pragmatic trials to evaluate outcomes in specific subgroups and health-economic analyses comparing low-dose radiation with injections and medication regimens.

Meeting: American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) 2025 Annual Meeting

Never miss a breakthrough: Join the SciTechDaily newsletter.
Follow us on Google and Google News.