Scientists Build a Living AI Device Using Real Brain Cells

A 3D network of living neurons and electronics can recognize electrical patterns and may help researchers study both brain function and low-energy computing.

Princeton researchers have built a 3D device that brings living brain cells and advanced electronics together in one system. The device can be programmed with computational methods to recognize patterns.

Earlier efforts to use brain cells for computation have typically depended on flat 2D cell cultures grown in petri dishes or 3D cell clusters that are monitored and stimulated from the outside. The Princeton system is different because it is designed to interact with the cells from within the network.

The team used advanced fabrication methods to build a 3D mesh of microscopic metal wires and electrodes, held together by a very thin epoxy coating. That coating is flexible enough to work with the soft neurons that grow around it. The researchers used the mesh as a scaffold, allowing tens of thousands of neurons to grow into a large 3D network capable of computation.

The study was published in Nature Electronics.

A living network learns patterns

The researchers said this integrated design allowed them to record and stimulate neuronal electrical activity with much finer detail than earlier systems. Over more than six months, they monitored how the network changed, tested ways to strengthen or weaken connections between important neurons, and eventually trained an algorithm to identify patterns in electrical pulses.

In one experiment, the system was tested with pairs of different spatial patterns. In another, it was tested with different temporal patterns. In both cases, the system correctly told the patterns apart. The researchers said they aim to expand the platform so it can eventually handle more complex tasks.

Brain biology meets AI limits

The work was led jointly by Tian-Ming Fu, assistant professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Omenn-Darling Bioengineering Institute; James Sturm, Stephen R. Forrest Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering; and Kumar Mritunjay, a postdoctoral researcher in electrical and computer engineering.

The project was first developed to investigate basic questions in neuroscience, but the team later saw that it could also help address one of the major challenges facing modern AI: energy consumption.

“The real bottleneck for AI in the near future is energy,” said Fu. “Our brain consumes only a tiny fraction—about one millionth—of the power consumed by today’s AI systems to perform similar tasks.”

Mritunjay, the paper’s first author, said that systems like this, called 3D biological neural networks, “not only help uncover the computing secrets of the brain but can also assist in understanding and possibly treating neurological diseases.”

Reference: “A three-dimensional micro-instrumented neural network device” by Kumar Mritunjay, James C. Sturm and Tian-Ming Fu, 23 April 2026, Nature Electronics.
DOI: 10.1038/s41928-026-01608-1

Funding from the Princeton Alliance for Collaborative Research and Innovation, Princeton Catalysis Initiative, School of Engineering and Applied Science Innovation Grants, and departmental start-up funds via the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Omenn–Darling Bioengineering Institute at Princeton University.

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