Scientists Create Ultra-Rare Hydrogen-6 Isotope, Defying Nuclear Physics

For the first time, the extremely neutron-rich hydrogen isotope ⁶H has been produced and measured using an electron scattering experiment, revealing unexpectedly strong interactions between neutrons within the nucleus.

Researchers from the A1 Collaboration at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU), in partnership with scientists from China and Japan, have successfully produced hydrogen-6, one of the most neutron-rich isotopes, using electron scattering for the first time. Conducted at the spectrometer facility of the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) particle accelerator, the experiment introduces a novel approach to studying light, neutron-rich nuclei.

The findings offer new insights and pose significant challenges to existing models of multi-nucleon interactions.

“This measurement could only be carried out thanks to the unique combination of the excellent quality of the MAMI electron beam and the three high-resolution spectrometers of the A1 Collaboration,” emphasized Professor Josef Pochodzalla from the JGU Institute of Nuclear Physics. Researchers from Fudan University in Shanghai in China as well as from Tohoku University Sendai and the University of Tokyo in Japan were involved in the experiment.

The experimental work was led by doctoral student Tianhao Shao and has been published in Physical Review Letters.

Limits of nuclear structure in extremely neutron-rich systems

One of the most fundamental questions in nuclear physics is how many neutrons can be bound in an atomic nucleus with a given number of protons. For the fundamental isotope hydrogen, which contains only a single proton, several very neutron-rich isotopes from ⁴H to ⁷H have been observed beyond the well-known deuteron and triton.

The extremely heavy hydrogen isotopes ⁶H – consisting of one proton and five neutrons – and ⁷H – with one more neutron – have the highest neutron-to-proton ratios known so far. They are unique systems to address this question. However, experimental data on these exotic nuclei are scarce, and the results remain controversial. In particular, there is a long-standing debate about whether the ground-state energy of ⁶H is low or high.

New method for generating hydrogen-6 in the A1 Collaboration experiment

Together with the Chinese and Japanese scientists involved, the A1 Collaboration developed a new approach for producing ⁶H. In this method, an electron beam with an energy of 855 megaelectronvolts (MeV) impinges on a ⁷Li target, producing ⁶H via a two-step process: first, a proton in the lithium nucleus is resonantly excited by the interaction with the electron and promptly decays into a neutron and a positively charged pion.

If this neutron subsequently transfers its energy to another proton within the nucleus, it can form the neutron-rich hydrogen isotope ⁶H together with the residual nucleus, while the pion and the proton leave the nucleus and can be detected simultaneously together with the scattered electron using three magnetic spectrometers. To achieve a sufficient production rate for this rare process, a 45-millimeter-long and 0.75-millimeter-thick lithium plate was traversed by the electron beam along the 45-millimeter-long side. This is highly unusual, as electron scattering experiments typically use very thin targets along the beam axis, with the beam striking a broad surface perpendicular to its direction of propagation.

This special setup was made possible by the excellent beam quality of MAMI, particularly by the extremely focused and stable electron beam. An additional challenge was handling the lithium itself, as the material is highly chemically reactive, mechanically fragile, and sensitive to temperature.

During a four-week measurement campaign, approximately one event per day was observed, as it had been estimated. It was one of the rare experiments at MAMI in which all three high-resolution spectrometers in the A1 experimental hall were operated simultaneously in coincidence mode so that three particles could be detected at the same time. This complex setup enabled a level of precision that had not been achieved before, while maintaining an extremely low background.

The new measurement provided a clear signal of ⁶H with a very low ground-state energy, indicating a stronger interaction between the neutrons in ⁶H than expected from recent theoretical calculations. This result thus challenges our understanding of multinucleon interactions in very neutron-rich systems.

Reference: “Measurement of 6H Ground State Energy in an Electron Scattering Experiment at MAMI-A1” by Tianhao Shao, Jinhui Chen, Josef Pochodzalla, Patrick Achenbach, Mirco Christmann, Michael O. Distler, Luca Doria, Anselm Esser, Julian Geratz, Julian Geratz, Christian Helmel, Matthias Hoek, Ryoko Kino, Pascal Klag, Yu-Gang Ma, David Markus, Harald Merkel, Miha Mihovilovič, Ulrich Müller, Sho Nagao, Satoshi N. Nakamura, Kotaro Nishi, Ken Nishida, Fumiya Oura, Jonas Pätschke, Björn Sören Schlimme, Concettina Sfienti, Daniel Steger, Marcell Steinen, Michaela Thiel, Andrzej Wilczek and Luca Wilhelm, 22 April 2025, Physical Review Letters.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.162501

The experiment was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) as part of the National Key Research and Development Program of China and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation funding program. Further support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).

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