Scientists Have Solved the Mystery of Curling Paper

Alexander Maaß (front) and Ulrich Hirn have discovered that solvents in the ink migrate through the paper toward the unprinted side over time. This causes the cellulose fibers on the unprinted side to swell and the paper to curl. Credit: Lunghammer – TU Graz

Paper printed on one side starts to curl with a delay of up to a few days. Researchers at TU Graz have discovered that this is due to solvents in the ink that over time migrate towards the unprinted side of the paper.

Although mankind has been using paper for at least 2000 years, it still presents us with one or two mysteries. For instance, the reason why paper that has been printed on one side with an inkjet printer begins to curl after several hours or days—despite initially being flat following printing and drying—was previously unknown.

Alexander Maaß and Ulrich Hirn from the Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) have now discovered the reason. The cause lies in solvents contained in the ink, which migrate over time through the paper toward the unprinted side. This causes the cellulose fibers on the unprinted side to swell and the paper starts to curl.

The degree of paper curl measured with a laser scanner

For their experiments, the researchers sprayed standard A4 printer paper on one side with a model ink consisting of water and the solvent glycerol. They then observed the curvature of the sheets of paper for a week using a laser scanner. While paper sprayed with water did not curl any further after 24 hours, the process continued for a week with paper sprayed with the water-glycerol mixture. The reason for this is that the glycerol, which unlike water only evaporates at very high temperatures, slowly but steadily migrated from the sprayed side of the paper to the other side.

Paper separated into thin layers

The researchers were able to demonstrate this process by splitting the paper samples into thin layers and determining their respective glycerol content. They found that the glycerol continuously decreased in the upper, sprayed layers and increased in the lower ones. Since glycerol, like water, causes cellulose fibers to swell, the volume of the different paper layers changed during the test period. The layers close to the sprayed side shrank, while the deeper layers swelled up. The visible result was that the paper curled, and did so continuously for a week.

Replacing glycerol with other solvents

“To solve the problem, glycerol could be replaced by other solvents. However, this is not so easy because glycerol gives the inkjet ink important properties that make it suitable for inkjet printing in the first place,” says Ulrich Hirn. Alternatively, the reverse side of the paper could also be printed or treated with an appropriate amount of glycerol.

Reference: “Long term curl of printing paper due to ink solvent migration” by Alexander Maass and Ulrich Hirn, 20 December 2023, Materials & Design.
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112593

The results are based on work carried out at the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Fibre Swelling and Paper Performance, in which, in addition to TU Graz, the companies Kelheim Fibres, Mondi Uncoated Fine & Kraft Paper, Canon Production Printing and SIG Combibloc Systems were involved.