Serotonin’s Hidden Power: How Psychedelics Are Opening New Doors in Mental Health

A new study by Mount Sinai researchers reveals how psychedelics target a specific serotonin receptor, 5-HT1A, to potentially treat disorders like depression without causing hallucinations. Their discovery opens the door to developing non-hallucinogenic psychedelic-based medications.

Researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have revealed intricate details on how some psychedelic drugs interact with serotonin receptors, triggering potential therapeutic effects in treating neuropsychiatric conditions like depression and anxiety. Their study, published in Nature, highlights the interaction of these drugs with a lesser-known serotonin receptor in the brain, the 5-HT1A receptor, demonstrating therapeutic gains in animal models.

“Psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin have entered clinical trials with promising early results, though we still don’t understand how they engage different molecular targets in the brain to trigger their therapeutic effects,” says first author Audrey Warren, a PhD candidate in the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn Mount Sinai “Our study highlights, for the first time, how serotonin receptors like 5-HT1A likely modulate the subjective effects of the psychedelic experience and also play a potentially pivotal role in their clinically observed therapeutic outcome.”

Discovery and Implications

LSD and 5-MeO-DMT, a psychedelic found in the secretions of the Colorado River Toad, are known to mediate their hallucinogenic effects through the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A, though these drugs also activate 5-HT1A, a validated therapeutic target for treating depression and anxiety. Working closely with co-author Dalibor Sames, PhD, Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University, the team synthesized and tested 5-MeO-DMT derivatives in cell signaling assays and cryo-electron microscopy to identify the chemical components most likely to cause a drug to preferentially activate 5-HT1A over 5-HT2A. That exercise led to the discovery that a compound termed 4-F, 5-MeO-PyrT was the most 5-HT1A-selective compound in this series. Lyonna Parise, PhD, an instructor in the lab of Scott Russo, PhD, Director of the Center for Affective Neuroscience and the Brain and Body Research Center at Icahn Mount Sinai, then tested that lead compound in a mouse model of depression and showed that 4-F, 5-MeO-PyrT had antidepressant-like effects that are effectively mediated by 5-HT1A.

Mount Sinai researchers took detailed pictures of the serotonin receptor and clinically-validated drug target 5-HT1A using cryo-electron microscopy to show how the psychedelics LSD and 5-MeO-DMT and a 5-HT1A-selective 5-MeO-DMT derivative (4-F, 5-MeO-PyrT) bind. The team further discovered that 4-F, 5-MeO-DMT has antidepressant effects in mouse models mediated by 5-HT1A, which potentially contribute to the therapeutic effects of psychedelics observed in clinical studies. Credit: Audrey Warren, PhD candidate and Daniel Wacker. PhD, Assistant Professor of Pharmacological Science and Neuroscience at Icahn Mount Sinai

“We were able to fine-tune the 5-MeO-DMT/serotonin scaffold to obtain the maximum activity at the 5-HT1A interface and minimal activity at 5-HT2A,” explains senior author Daniel Wacker, PhD, Assistant Professor of Pharmacological Sciences and Neuroscience at Icahn Mount Sinai. “Our findings suggest that receptors other than 5-HT2A not only modulate behavioral effects stemming from psychedelics, but may substantially contribute to their therapeutic potential. In fact, we were pleasantly surprised by the strength of that contribution to 5-MeO-DMT, which is currently being tested in several clinical trials for depression. We believe our study will lead to a better understanding of the complex pharmacology of psychedelics that involve many receptor types.”

Indeed, researchers are hopeful based on their breakthrough findings that it may soon be possible to design novel psychedelic-derived medications that don’t possess the hallucinogenic properties of current drugs. Raising their expectations is the discovery that their lead compound – the most 5-HT1A-selective analog to 5-MeO-DMT – showed antidepressant effects without the 5-HT2A-related hallucinations.

Another near-term target for scientists is investigating the impact of 5-MeO-DMT in preclinical models of depression (given the research restrictions around psychedelic drugs, studies involving a 5-MeO-DMT derivative have been limited to animal models). “We’ve demonstrated that psychedelics have complex physiological effects that span many different receptor types,” emphasizes first author Warren, “and are now ready to build on that finding to develop improved therapeutics for a range of mental health disorders.”

Reference: “Structural pharmacology and therapeutic potential of 5-methoxytryptamines” by Audrey L. Warren, David Lankri, Michael J. Cunningham, Inis C. Serrano, Lyonna F. Parise, Andrew C. Kruegel, Priscilla Duggan, Gregory Zilberg, Michael J. Capper, Vaclav Havel, Scott J. Russo, Dalibor Sames and Daniel Wacker, 8 May 2024, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07403-2

Research reported in this press release was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences; The National Institute of Mental Health; and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.