The Hidden Risks of Surrogacy: What New Research Reveals

A study highlights increased health risks for gestational carriers, including severe complications during pregnancy and postpartum. Researchers suggest stricter adherence to eligibility guidelines to mitigate these risks.

People who are gestational carriers (or “surrogates”) may have a higher risk of severe complications during pregnancy and early postpartum, hypertension in pregnancy, and postpartum hemorrhage, compared to people who conceive without assistance or with IVF, according to new research from ICES and Queen’s University.

Gestational carriers carry and give birth to children for couples or individuals who are otherwise unable to carry a pregnancy. Little is known about whether gestational carriers and babies are at a higher risk for severe health outcomes, both during pregnancy and following birth.

Study Overview and Methodology

This is one of the first large population-based studies to analyze linked health datasets comparing health outcomes for three different types of conception: unassisted, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and gestational carriage.

“The study was prompted by an increase in the use of gestational carriers worldwide and a lack of information about the impact of this reproductive modality on pregnancy outcomes, for the gestational carrier and the offspring,” says lead author Dr. Maria Velez, an adjunct scientist at ICES and at the time of this study, an associate professor in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Queen’s University. Velez is currently an associate professor and a clinician scientist at McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC).

Research Findings on Gestational Carriers

The study, published today (September 24) in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, included 863,017 singleton births at more than 20 weeks’ gestation in Ontario, Canada, between 2012 and 2021. The groups included 846,124 (97.6%) who were conceived without assistance, 16,087 (1.8%) by IVF, and 806 (0.1%) using gestational carriers.

The researchers analyzed severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and severe neonatal morbidity (SNM), which combine many different health indicators for both birthing people and babies. They also assessed hypertensive disorders (such as pre-eclampsia), cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and postpartum hemorrhage.

Key Findings

• The risk of SMM was 2% for the unassisted group, 4% for the IVF group, and 8% for the gestational carriage group.
• The gestational carriage group also had a higher risk for hypertensive disorders and postpartum hemorrhage when analyzed separately from SMM.
• Although gestational carriage was associated with preterm birth (less than 37 weeks gestation), there was less clear evidence of a higher risk of SNM.

One limitation of the study was that there was a lack of information about why gestational carriage was chosen by the intended parents, egg and sperm donor sources, the type of IVF used, and reasons why people chose to become gestational carriers. Future research could help to assess whether any of these factors would impact the health outcomes of the pregnant person or the baby.

Clinical Implications and Recommendations

“Clinicians involved in the care of individuals and couples who need a gestational carrier to build their family should counsel their patients and the gestational carriers about the potential risk during pregnancy and early postpartum,” says Velez.

“There are guidelines about the eligibility criteria to minimize the risk of pregnancy complications among gestational carriers,” she adds. “However, these guidelines are not always strictly followed.”

Reference: “Severe Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity Among Gestational Carriers: A cohort Study” by Maria P. Velez, MD, PhD; Marina Ivanova, BSc; Jonas Shellenberger, MSc; Jessica Pudwell, MSc, MPH and Joel G. Ray, MD, MSc, 24 September 2024, Annals of Internal Medicine.
DOI: 10.7326/M24-0417

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