The “Weird Shrimp From Canada” Likely Much Weaker Than Once Assumed

A biomechanical study suggests that the extinct marine animal Anomalocaris canadensis, once considered an apex predator during the Cambrian era, may not have been as powerful as previously believed. Using a 3D reconstruction of the creature from fossil records and the application of modern biomechanical modeling techniques, the team of international researchers found that the creature’s front appendages—though they could stretch, flex, and grab—would likely have been damaged while catching hard prey like trilobites. (An illustration of Anomalocaris.) Credit: University of Adelaide

New biomechanical research reveals that Anomalocaris canadensis was speedy, but not strong enough to crack trilobite shells.

New research on the extinct marine predator Anomalocaris canadensis disputes its status as an apex predator during the Cambrian era. Using 3D reconstructions and biomechanical modeling, researchers found that its front appendages weren’t built for catching hard prey like trilobites, suggesting it fed primarily on softer prey. This research underlines the complexity of Cambrian food webs and debunks some assumptions about ancient marine ecosystems.

Biomechanical studies on the arachnid-like front “legs” of an extinct apex predator show that the 2-foot (60-centimeter) marine animal Anomalocaris canadensis was likely much weaker than once assumed. One of the largest animals to live during the Cambrian, it was probably agile and fast, darting after soft prey in the open water rather than pursuing hard-shelled creatures on the ocean floor. The study is published on July 4 in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

First discovered in the late 1800s, Anomalocaris canadensis—which means “weird shrimp from Canada” in Latin—has long been thought to be responsible for some of the scarred and crushed trilobite exoskeletons paleontologists have found in the fossil record.

A close-up on the head of a complete specimen of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of Canada, showing the maximum frontal appendage flexure. Credit: © Alison Daley

“That didn’t sit right with me, because trilobites have a very strong exoskeleton, which they essentially make out of rock, while this animal would have mostly been soft and squishy,” said lead author Russell Bicknell, a postdoctoral researcher in the American Museum of Natural History’s Division of Paleontology, who conducted the work while at the University of New England in Australia.

Recent research on the armor-plated, ring-shaped mouthparts of A. canadensis lays doubt on the animal’s ability to process hard food. The latest study set out to investigate whether the predator’s long, spiny front appendages could do the job instead.

The first step for the research team, which included scientists from Germany, China, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Australia, was to build a 3D reconstruction of A. canadensis from the extraordinarily well-preserved—but flattened—fossils of the animal that have been found in Canada’s 508-million-year-old Burgess Shale. Using modern whip scorpions and whip spiders as analogues, the team was able to show that the predator’s segmented appendages were able to grab prey and could both stretch out and flex.

A modeling technique called finite element analysis was used to show the stress and strain points on this grasping behavior of A. canadensis, illustrating that its appendages would have been damaged while grabbing hard prey like trilobites. The researchers used computational fluid dynamics to place the 3D model of the predator in a virtual current to predict what body position it would likely use while swimming.

The combination of these biomechanical modeling techniques—used together in a scientific paper for the first time—paint a different picture of A. canadensis than was previously assumed. The animal was likely a speedy swimmer, zooming after soft prey in the water column with its front appendages outstretched.

“Previous conceptions were that these animals would have seen the Burgess Shale fauna as a smorgasbord, going after anything they wanted to, but we’re finding that the dynamics of the Cambrian food webs were likely much more complex than we once thought,” Bicknell said.

Reference: “Raptorial appendages of the Cambrian apex predator Anomalocaris canadensis are built for soft prey and speed” by Russell D. C. Bicknell, Michel Schmidt, Imran A. Rahman, Gregory D. Edgecombe, Susana Gutarra, Allison C. Daley, Roland R. Melzer, Stephen Wroe and John R. Paterson, 4 July 2023, Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0638