Exoplanets around pulsars are rare, with fewer than 0.5% of pulsars hosting planets, according to a study presented at NAM 2022. Pulsar planets have highly elliptical orbits, differing significantly from typical planetary systems, highlighting unique formation processes.
30 years ago, the first-ever exoplanets were discovered around a rapidly rotating star, called a pulsar. Now, astronomers have revealed that these planets may be extremely uncommon. Iuliana Nițu, a PhD student at the University of Manchester will present the new work on Tuesday, July 12, at the National Astronomy Meeting (NAM 2022).
It’s currently unknown what processes cause planets to form, and survive, around pulsars. A survey of 800 pulsars followed by the Jodrell Bank Observatory over the last 50 years has revealed that this first detected exoplanet system may be extraordinarily rare: less than 0.5% of all known pulsars could host Earth-mass planets.
Pulsars are a type of neutron star, the densest stars in the universe, born during powerful supernova explosions at the end of a typical star’s life. They are exceptionally stable, rotate rapidly, and have incredibly powerful magnetic fields. Pulsars emit beams of bright radio emission from their magnetic poles, which appear to pulse from our perspective as the star rotates.
“[Pulsars] produce signals which sweep the Earth every time they rotate, similarly to a cosmic lighthouse,” says Nițu. “These signals can then be picked up by radio telescopes and turned into a lot of amazing science.”
The first-ever exoplanets were discovered in 1992 orbiting a pulsar called PSR B1257+12. The planetary system is now known to host at least three planets similar in mass to the rocky planets in our Solar System. Since then, a handful of pulsars have been found to host planets. However, the extremely violent conditions surrounding the births and lives of pulsars make ‘normal’ planet formation unlikely, and many of these detected planets are exotic objects (such as planets made mostly of diamond) unlike those we know in our Solar System.
A team of astronomers at the University of Manchester performed the largest search for planets orbiting pulsars to date. In particular, the research team looked for signals that indicate the presence of planetary companions with masses up to 100 times that of the Earth, and orbital time periods between 20 days and 17 years. Of the 10 potential detections, the most promising is the system PSR J2007+3120 with the possibility of hosting at least two planets, with masses a few times bigger than the Earth, and orbital periods of 1.9 and ~3.6 years.
Characteristics of Pulsar Planets: Elliptical Orbits and Exotic Composition
The results of the work indicate no bias for particular planet masses or orbital periods in pulsar systems. However, the results do yield information on the shape of these planets’ orbits: in contrast to the near-circular orbits found in our Solar System, these planets would orbit their stars on highly elliptical paths. This indicates that the formation process for pulsar-planet systems is vastly different than traditional star-planet systems.
Discussing the motivation of her research, Nițu says: “Pulsars are incredibly interesting and exotic objects. Exactly 30 years ago, the first extra-solar planets were discovered around a pulsar, but we are yet to understand how these planets can form and survive in such extreme conditions. Finding out how common these are, and what they look like is a crucial step towards this.”
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