Ancient tools and bones discovered in China by archaeologists suggest early humans left Africa and arrived in Asia earlier than previously thought.
The artifacts show that our earliest human ancestors colonized East Asia over two million years ago. They were found by a Chinese team that was led by Professor Zhaoyu Zhu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and included Professor Robin Dennell of Exeter University. The tools were discovered at a locality called Shangchen in the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. The oldest are ca. 2.12 million years old, and are c. 270,000 years older than the 1.85 million-year-old skeletal remains and stone tools from Dmanisi, Georgia, which were previously the earliest evidence of humanity outside Africa.
The artifacts include a notch, scrapers, cobble, hammer stones, and pointed pieces. All show signs of use — the stone had been intentionally flaked. Most were made of quartzite and quartz that probably came from the foothills of the Qinling Mountains 5 to 10 km (3 to 6 m) to the south of the site, and the streams flowing from them. Fragments of animal bones 2.12 million years old were also found.
The Chinese Loess Plateau covers about 270,000 square kilometers (104,000 square miles) and during the past 2.6m years between 100 to 300m (300 to 900ft) of wind-blown dust — known as loess — has been deposited in the area.
The 80 stone artifacts were found predominantly in 11 different layers of fossil soils which developed in a warm and wet climate. A further 16 items were found in six layers of loess that developed under colder and drier conditions. These 17 different layers of loess and fossil soils were formed during a period spanning almost a million years. This shows that early types of humans occupied the Chinese Loess Plateau under different climatic conditions between 1.2 and 2.12 million years ago.
The layers containing these stone tools were dated by linking the magnetic properties of the layers to known and dated changes in the earth’s magnetic field.
Professor Dennell said: “Our discovery means it is necessary now to reconsider the timing of when early humans left Africa.”
Reference: “Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago” by Zhaoyu Zhu, Robin Dennell, Weiwen Huang, Yi Wu, Shifan Qiu, Shixia Yang, Zhiguo Rao, Yamei Hou, Jiubing Xie, Jiangwei Han and Tingping Ouyang, 11 July 2018, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4
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