Leaving school and getting a job both lead to a drop in the amount of physical activity, while becoming a mother is linked to increased weight gain, conclude two reviews published today and led by researchers at the University of Cambridge.
Many people tend to put on weight as they leave adolescence and move into adulthood, and this is the age when the levels of obesity increase the fastest. This weight gain is related to changes in diet and physical activity behavior across the life events of early adulthood, including the move from school to further education and employment, starting new relationships, and having children.
Writing in Obesity Reviews, researchers from the Center for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) at Cambridge looked at changes in physical activity, diet, and body weight as young adults move from education into employment and to becoming a parent. To do this, they carried out systematic reviews and meta-analyses of existing scientific literature — these approaches allow them to compare and consolidate results from a number of often-contradictory studies to reach more robust conclusions.
Leaving school
In the first of the two studies, the team looked at the evidence relating to the transition from high school into higher education or employment and how this affects body weight, diet, and physical activity. In total, they found 19 studies covering ages 15-35 years, of which 17 assessed changes in physical activity, three bodyweight, and five diet or eating behaviors.
The team found that leaving high school was associated with a decrease of seven minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The decrease was larger for males than it was for females (a decrease of 16.4 minutes per day for men compared to 6.7 minutes per day for women). More detailed analysis revealed that the change is largest when people go to university, with overall levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity falling by 11.4 minutes per day.
Three studies reported increases in body weight on leaving high school, though there were not enough studies to provide a mean weight increase. Two studies suggested that diets decrease in quality upon leaving high school and one suggested the same upon leaving university.
“Children have a relatively protected environment, with healthy food and exercise encouraged within schools, but this evidence suggests that the pressures of university, employment, and childcare drive changes in behavior which are likely to be bad for long-term health,” said Dr. Eleanor Winpenny from CEDAR and the MRC Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge.
“This is a really important time when people are forming healthy or unhealthy habits that will continue through adult life. If we can pinpoint the factors in our adult lives which are driving unhealthy behaviors, we can then work to change them.”
Becoming a parent
In the second study, the team looked at the impact of becoming a parent on weight, diet, and physical activity.
A meta-analysis of six studies found the difference in change in body mass index (BMI) between remaining without children and becoming a parent was 17%: a woman of average height (164cm or 64.5in) who had no children gained around 7.5kg (16.6lb) over five to six years, while a mother of the same height would gain an additional 1.3kg (2.9lb). These equate to increases in BMI of 2.8 versus 3.3.
Only one study looked at the impact of becoming a father and found no difference in change.
There was little evidence looking at physical activity and diet. Most studies including physical activity showed a greater decline in parents versus non-parents. The team found limited evidence for diet, which did not seem to differ between parents and non-parents.
“BMI increases for women over young adulthood, particularly among those becoming a mother. However, new parents could also be particularly willing to change their behavior as it may also positively influence their children, rather than solely improve their own health,” said Dr. Kirsten Corder, also from CEDAR and the MRC Epidemiology Unit.
“Interventions aimed at increasing parents’ activity levels and improving diet could have benefits all around. We need to take a look at the messages given to new parents by health practitioners as previous studies have suggested widespread confusion among new mothers about acceptable pregnancy-related weight gain.”
References:
“Becoming a parent: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of changes in BMI, diet, and physical activity” by Kirsten Corder, Eleanor M. Winpenny, Campbell Foubister, Justin M. Guagliano, Xenia M. Hartwig, Rebecca Love, Chloe Clifford Astbury and Esther M.F. van Sluijs, 19 January 2020, Obesity Reviews.
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12959
“Changes in physical activity, diet, and body weight across the education and employment transitions of early adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis” by Eleanor M. Winpenny, Miranda Smith, Tarra Penney, Campbell Foubister, Justin M. Guagliano, Rebecca Love, Chloe Clifford Astbury, Esther M.F. van Sluijs and Kirsten Corder, 19 January 2020, Obesity Reviews.
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12962
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