In the summer of 2018, the planets Mars and Saturn are, one after the other, in opposition to Earth. During this event the planets are relatively close to Earth, allowing astronomers to observe them in greater detail. Hubble took advantage of this preferred configuration and imaged both planets to continue its long-standing observation of the outer planets in the Solar System.
Since the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope was launched, its goal has always been to study not only distant astronomical objects, but also the planets within our Solar System. Hubble’s high-resolution images of our planetary neighbors can only be surpassed by pictures taken from spacecraft that actually visit these bodies. However, Hubble has one advantage over space probes: it can look at these objects periodically and observe them over much longer periods than any passing probe could.
In the last months the planets Mars and Saturn have each been in opposition to Earth — Saturn on 27 June and Mars on 27 July. An opposition occurs when the Sun, Earth, and an outer planet are lined up, with Earth sitting in between the Sun and the outer planet. During an opposition, a planet is fully lit by the Sun as seen from Earth, and it also marks the time when the planet is closest to Earth, allowing astronomers to see features on the planet’s surface in greater detail.
A month before Saturn’s opposition — on 6 June — Hubble was used to observe the ringed planet. At this time Saturn was approximately 1.4 billion kilometers (870 million miles) from Earth. The taken images show Saturn’s magnificent ring system near its maximum tilt toward Earth, allowing a spectacular view of the rings and the gaps between them. Though all of the gas giants boast rings, Saturn’s are the largest and most spectacular, stretching out to eight times the radius of the planet.
This video shows the Hubble observations of Saturn in June 2018. Hubble observed the ringed planet several times over the course of 20 hours, which allowed it to see some changes in the wind patterns in Saturn’s atmosphere. These changing patterns are most visible in the region surrounding the northern pole.
Alongside a beautiful view of the ring system, Hubble’s new image reveals a hexagonal pattern around the north pole — a stable and persistent wind feature discovered during the flyby of the Voyager 1 space probe in 1981. To the south of this feature a string of bright clouds is visible: remnants of a disintegrating storm.
While observing the planet Hubble also managed to capture images of six of Saturn’s 62 currently known moons: Dione, Enceladus, Tethys, Janus, Epimetheus, and Mimas. Scientists hypothesize that a small, wayward moon like one of these disintegrated 200 million years ago to form Saturn’s ring system.
The animation shows the rotation of Saturn as seen by Hubble, thanks to an observation spread over 20 hours. It also shows some of the brighter moons which were visible throughout the observation.
Hubble shot the second portrait, of the planet Mars, on 18 July, just 13 days before Mars reached its closest approach to Earth. This year Mars will get as close as 57.6 million kilometers (35.8 million miles) from Earth. This makes it the closest approach since 2003, when the red planet made its way closer to us than at any other time in almost 60,000 years.
While previous images showed detailed surface features of the planet, this new image is dominated by a gigantic sandstorm enshrouding the entire planet. Still visible are the white polar caps, Terra Meridiani, the Schiaparelli Crater, and Hellas Basin — but all of these features are slightly blurred by the dust in the atmosphere.
This animation shows the rotation of Mars over the course of 42 minutes and is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. While a host of Mars’s characteristic surface features are hidden by a planet-wide sandstorm, both the northern and southern polar ice caps are clearly visible. The animation also shows the two tiny moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, orbiting the red planet.
Comparing these new images of Mars and Saturn with older data gathered by Hubble, other telescopes and even space probes allows astronomers to study how cloud patterns and large-scale structures on other planets in our Solar System change over time.
This video shows the difference in orientation of Mars between the 2016 and 2018 observations, and it also illustrates the obscuration by the dust storm enshrouding the planet in 2018. The opening image, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope on 12 May 2016, shows a clear atmosphere with summer in the northern hemisphere. Three-dimensional models created from NASA’s Viking mission illustrate how the northern hemisphere was tilted away from Earth in 2018. The final image, taken by Hubble on 18 July 2018, shows a global dust storm, with spring in the southern hemisphere.
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