Light from Phones or Tablets Suppresses Melatonin Production in Young Teens

Researchers found that nighttime light exposure from phones or tablets significantly suppresses melatonin production, affecting the sleep biology of teenagers.

A new study from Brown University examines the effect of light exposure at night on the biology of teen sleep, revealing that light from phones or tablets suppressed their production of the sleep-timing hormone melatonin significantly.

Brown University — A new study has an important implication for tweens and young teens as they head back to school: Taking a gadget to bed could really hurt their sleep.

Enough light exposure at night can keep anyone from falling asleep as quickly as they otherwise would have. But the new research, published online in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, finds that the sleep biology of boys and girls aged 9 to 15 who were in the earlier stages of puberty were especially sensitive to light at night compared to older teens. In lab experiments, an hour of nighttime light exposure suppressed their production of the sleep-timing hormone melatonin significantly more than the same light exposure did for teens aged 11 to 16 who were farther into puberty.

The brighter the light in the experiments, the more melatonin was suppressed. Among 38 children in early to middle puberty an hour of 15 lux of light (think dim “mood” lighting) suppressed melatonin by 9.2 percent, 150 lux (normal room light) reduced it by 26 percent, and 500 lux (as bright as in a supermarket) reduced it by 36.9 percent. The 29 teens in the late or post-puberty stage were also affected, but not as much. Exposure to 15 lux did not suppress melatonin at all, 150 lux reduced it 12.5 percent, and 500 lux reduced it by 23.9 percent.

The effects were the same for boys and girls.

“Small amounts of light at night, such as light from screens, can be enough to affect sleep patterns,” said study senior author Mary Carskadon, professor of psychiatry and human behavior in the Alpert Medical School of Brown University and director of chronobiology and sleep research at the E.P. Bradley Hospital in East Providence, R.I. “Students who have tablets or TVs or computers — even an ‘old-school’ flashlight under the covers to read — are pushing their circadian clocks to a later timing. This makes it harder to go to sleep and wake up at times early the next morning for school.”

Carskadon, lead author Stephanie Crowley of Rush University Medical Center, and their co-authors said children and their parents should limit the use of screens at bedtime, even though it has become pervasive. One study found that 96 percent of teens use at least one form of technology in the hour before going to bed.

In addition to Carskadon and Crowley, the study’s other authors are Christine Acebo from Brown University and Sean Cain and Angus Burns from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.

This research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (grants MH52415 and MH01358) and the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL105395).

Reference: “Increased sensitivity of the circadian system to light in early/mid puberty” by Stephanie J. Crowley, Sean W. Cain, Angus C. Burns, Christine Acebo and Mary A. Carskadon, 1 November 2015, JCEM.
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2775