Researchers discovered two compounds that are more potent and less toxic than existing leukemia treatments, which often cause unpleasant side effects in patients.
Researchers discover a new class of drugs that provide leukemia patients with a safer, more targeted form of therapy.
Chemotherapy isn’t fun. It’s no secret that the drugs used in the treatments often have harmful side effects on both the patient and their cancer. Since tumors grow so rapidly, the theory is that chemotherapy will eradicate the disease before its adverse effects take the patient’s life. Because of this, researchers and medical professionals are always looking for treatments that are more effective.
Researchers from the University of California, Santa Barbara, together with colleagues from the University of California, San Francisco, and Baylor College of Medicine, have discovered two compounds that are both more potent and less toxic than the current leukemia therapies. The molecules operate in a manner that differs from that of conventional cancer treatments and may serve as the foundation for a whole new class of drugs.
Additionally, the compounds are already approved for the treatment of other diseases, which significantly reduces the amount of red tape required in modifying them for the treatment of leukemia or even administering them off-label. The findings were recently published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
“Our work on an enzyme that is mutated in leukemia patients has led to the discovery of an entirely new way of regulating this enzyme, as well as new molecules that are more effective and less toxic to human cells,” said UC Santa Barbara Distinguished Professor Norbert Reich, the study’s corresponding author.
A pair of DNMT3A enzymes join two auxiliary proteins (green) to form a four-part complex that travels along DNA adding chemical tags that tell a cell which genes to express. Credit: Jonathan Sandoval et al.
The epigenome
Although every cell in your body has the same DNA, or genome, depending on the kind of cell it is, each one uses a different portion of this blueprint. This allows various cells to do their specific tasks while still utilizing the same instruction manual; in reality, they merely utilize different sections of it. The epigenome instructs cells on how to follow these directions. Chemical markers, for instance, control which sections are read and hence dictate the actual fate of a cell.
A cell’s epigenome is copied and preserved by an enzyme (a type of protein) called DNMT1. This enzyme ensures, for example, that a dividing liver cell turns into two liver cells and not a brain cell.
However, even in adults, some cells do need to differentiate into different kinds of cells than they were before. For example, bone marrow stem cells are capable of forming all the different blood cell types, which don’t reproduce on their own. This is controlled by another enzyme, DNMT3A.
This is all well and good until something goes wrong with DNMT3A, causing bone marrow to turn into abnormal blood cells. This is a primary event leading to various forms of leukemia, as well as other cancers.
Toxic treatments
Most cancer drugs are designed to selectively kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone. But this is extremely challenging, which is why so many of them are extremely toxic. Current leukemia treatments, like Decitabine, bind to DNMT3A in a way that disables it, thereby slowing the progression of the disease. They do this by clogging up the enzyme’s active site (essentially, its business end) to prevent it from carrying out its function.
Unfortunately, DNMT3A’s active site is virtually identical to that of DNMT1, so the drug shuts down epigenetic regulation in all of the patient’s 30 to 40 trillion cells. This leads to one of the drug industry’s biggest bottlenecks: off-target toxicity.
Clogging a protein’s active site is a straightforward way to take it offline. That’s why the active site is often the first place drug designers look when designing new drugs, Reich explained. However, about eight years ago he decided to investigate compounds that could bind to other sites in an effort to avoid off-target effects.
Working together
As the group was investigating DNMT3A, they noticed something peculiar. While most of these epigenetic-related enzymes work on their own, DNMT3A always formed complexes, either with itself or with partner proteins. These complexes can involve more than 60 different partners, and interestingly, they act as homing devices to direct DNMT3A to control particular genes.
Early work in the Reich lab, led by former graduate student Celeste Holz-Schietinger, showed that disrupting the complex through mutations did not interfere with its ability to add chemical markers to the DNA. However, the DNMT3A behaved differently when it was on its own or in a simple pair; it wasn’t to stay on the DNA and mark one site after another, which is essential for its normal cellular function.
Around the same time, the New England Journal of Medicine ran a deep dive into the mutations present in leukemia patients. The authors of that study discovered that the most frequent mutations in acute myeloid leukemia patients are in the DNMT3A gene. Surprisingly, Holz-Schietinger had studied the exact same mutations. The team now had a direct link between DNMT3A and the epigenetic changes leading to acute myeloid leukemia.
Discovering a new treatment
Reich and his group became interested in identifying drugs that could interfere with the formation of DNMT3A complexes that occur in cancer cells. They obtained a chemical library containing 1,500 previously studied drugs and identified two that disrupt DNMT3A interactions with partner proteins (protein-protein inhibitors, or PPIs).
What’s more, these two drugs do not bind to the protein’s active site, so they don’t affect the DNMT1 at work in all of the body’s other cells. “This selectivity is exactly what I was hoping to discover with the students on this project,” Reich said.
These drugs are more than merely a potential breakthrough in leukemia treatment. They are a completely new class of drugs: protein-protein inhibitors that target a part of the enzyme away from its active site. “An allosteric PPI has never been done before, at least not for an epigenetic drug target,” Reich said. “It really put a smile on my face when we got the result.”
This achievement is no mean feat. “Developing small molecules that disrupt protein-protein interactions has proven challenging,” noted lead author Jonathan Sandoval of UC San Francisco, a former doctoral student in Reich’s lab. “These are the first reported inhibitors of DNMT3A that disrupt protein-protein interactions.”
The two compounds the team identified have already been used clinically for other diseases. This eliminates a lot of costs, testing, and bureaucracy involved in developing them into leukemia therapies. In fact, oncologists could prescribe these drugs to patients off-label right now.
Building on success
There’s still more to understand about this new approach, though. The team wants to learn more about how protein-protein inhibitors affect DNMT3A complexes in healthy bone marrow cells. Reich is collaborating with UC Santa Barbara chemistry professor Tom Pettus and a joint doctoral student of theirs, Ivan Hernandez. “We are making changes in the drugs to see if we can improve the selectivity and potency even more,” Reich said.
There’s also more to learn about the drugs’ long-term effects. Because the compounds work directly on the enzymes, they might not change the underlying mutations causing the cancer. This caveat affects how doctors can use these drugs. “One approach is that a patient would continue to receive low doses,” Reich said. “Alternatively, our approach could be used with other treatments, perhaps to bring the tumor burden down to a point where stopping treatment is an option.”
Reich also admits the team has yet to learn what effect the PPIs have on bone marrow differentiation in the long term. They’re curious if the drugs can elicit some type of cellular memory that could mitigate problems at the epigenetic or genetic level.
That said, Reich is buoyed by their discovery. “By not targeting DNMT3A’s active site, we are already leagues beyond the currently used drug, Decitabine, which is definitely cytotoxic,” he said, adding that this type of approach could be tailored to other cancers as well.
Reference: “First-in-Class Allosteric Inhibitors of DNMT3A Disrupt Protein-Protein Interactions and Induce Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Differentiation” by Jonathan E. Sandoval, Raghav Ramabadran, Nathaniel Stillson, Letitia Sarah, Danica Galonić Fujimori, Margaret A. Goodell and Norbert Reich, 22 July 2022, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00725
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