Children Learn To Read Faster When They Are Given Appropriate Challenges
Reading is the foundation for many subjects, yet a significant number of children face difficulties in mastering it. Unfortunately, a quarter of 15-year-old Norwegian boys struggle to comprehend complex texts. Girls do better.
However, recent research has shown highly encouraging results in assisting students to learn to read. Individualized challenges that cater to each student’s level are crucial in this process. A one-size-fits-all approach to teaching is not effective, as many students struggle to keep up.
“The previous study round included 48 students who took part in our approach, and every one of them cracked the reading code,” says Hermundur Sigmundsson, a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology’s (NTNU) Department of Psychology.
Sigmundsson has worked on reading education for many years. This time he has taken his expertise to Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland, where first-graders tried a new way to learn and master the art of reading.
“We concentrated on changing everyday school life for the pupils,” says Professor Sigmundsson.
Children Follow a Strict Schedule
The children follow a clear plan throughout the school day.
- Before lunch, the children first learn basic skills such as reading, mathematics, and science. During the first two to three hours, they also need to be physically active.
- After lunch comes the practice lesson. In the first year of school, the instruction places great emphasis on reading skills. The training provides targeted practice and introduces the connection between letters and the sounds that follow the letters.
- Towards the end of the day, students have their “passion” lesson, in which they can choose from five different subjects, depending on their interests. These include home economics, music, carpentry, sewing, or painting/drawing.
“We’ve developed a procedure called READ. It emphasizes the most important methods for learning, psychology, motivation theory, and targeted practice,” Sigmundsson said.
“The key is to survey children’s skills at the start of the school year, in September, and in January and May, which enables us to provide the right challenges in relation to skills,” he said.
Outstanding Reading Results
The reading results have been outstanding. Just look at the results for single words, sentences, and text:
- Single words: In September, 58 percent of pupils in first grade could read single words. They had already cracked the reading code. Come May, the percentage had risen to 100 percent. In other words, everyone could read single words.
- Sentences: In September, 28 percent of first graders could read sentences. In May, the percentage was 96 percent.
- Connected text: In September, just over 8 percent could read connected text. In May, that number had risen to 88 percent.
In a similar Norwegian study, 73 percent of pupils cracked the reading code by May. The Norwegian study used the same survey-based test, but not the same method.
Benefits for Well-Being, Too
“We think the Vestmannaeyjar results are very important,” says Sigmundsson. “This approach results in satisfied children, satisfied teachers, and satisfied parents.”
The results have recently been published in the first article on the project’s development and research in Iceland, which will provide instruction for about 50 new children every year for 10 years. The researchers will also follow up on the children later. The project is called Kveikjum neistann! or “Ignite the spark!” in English.
The most important reasons for addressing reading skills and changes in everyday school life are to improve children’s reading results and well-being at school,” Sigmundsson said. “We’ve observed significantly improved well-being results in the group that completed the program compared to the previous year’s first graders.”
Biggest Problem Among Boys
Problems with reading are far more common among boys than girls.
“In Iceland, we have particular challenges with reading among boys and immigrants,” Sigmundsson said.
Thirty-four percent of 15-year-old boys in Iceland are unable to read well enough to understand the text, according to the international PISA survey from 2018. In Norway, the figure for boys is 26 percent.
“These children don’t have the reading skills that enable them to understand the text. This has been the case for 18 years. In Norway, the percentage varies from 21 to 26 percent of boys,” he said.
Girls do much better on the whole, but five to nine percent still struggle.
“We don’t find this acceptable. Biologically, the proportion should be around 2 to 4 percent,” he said.
A Very Impressive Program in Iceland
“I am very impressed by the Vestmannaeyjar project that Sigmundsson is running,” said Hanne S. Finstad, PhD. and the founder of Forskerfabrikken, a social enterprise that engages children in hands-on learning and discovery.
Finstad believes the READ program is ground-breaking in many ways because it is not only based on pedagogy and psychology, but also on the pupils’ biological needs.
“Time is set aside for repetition and deepening skills, and that is something our memory needs to really learn. Students also have the opportunity to develop creatively and musically, in addition to having physical activity every day. The school day is arranged to develop both body and soul,” says Finstad.
Reading education is based on what we now know about how the brain learns to read, she said.
She agrees that children need to first learn to recognize sounds and connect them to the letters, then combine the letters into words that make sense.
However, Norwegian schools encourage many children to focus on whole words. Researchers who work with the brain and reading fear that a focus on whole words can hamper learning to read because pupils then practice picture recognition instead of actually reading.
ADHD and the New Method
More and more boys aged 10 to 14 take ADHD medication. Currently, around 15 percent of boys in Iceland and 4.9 percent of boys in Norway are being medicated for ADHD. The new method can also help them.
ADHD may be linked to too much sitting still and overly long days. The READ school day therefore never schedules lessons longer than 35-40 minutes. The new program also incorporates 72 hours more physical activity during the school year. The passion lesson is very important for increasing children’s dopamine level, the hormone that triggers joy and well-being.
Reference: “Reading: From the Simple to the Complex” by Hermundur Sigmundsson, Helga S. Thórsdóttir, Herdís R. Njálsdóttir and Svava Th. Hjaltalín, 5 December 2022, Brain Sciences.
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121670
The study was funded by Vestmannaeyjarbær, the Icelandic Ministry of Education and Children, the SA Confederation of Icelandic Enterprise, and the University of Iceland.
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