Paradox of the Young Weak Sun: Extreme CO2 Greenhouse Effect Heated Up the Young Earth

Although sun radiation was relatively low, the temperature on the young Earth was warm. An international team of geoscientists has found important clues that high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere were responsible for these high temperatures. It only got cooler with the beginning of plate tectonics, as the CO2 was gradually captured and stored on the emerging continents.

Very high atmospheric CO₂ levels can explain the high temperatures on the still young Earth three to four billion years ago. At the time, our Sun shone with only 70 to 80 percent of its present intensity. Nevertheless, the climate on the young Earth was apparently quite warm because there was hardly any glacial ice. This phenomenon is known as the ‘paradox of the young weak Sun.’ Without an effective greenhouse gas, the young Earth would have frozen into a lump of ice. Whether CO₂, methane, or an entirely different greenhouse gas heated up planet Earth is a matter of debate among scientists.

New research by Dr. Daniel Herwartz of the University of Cologne, Professor Dr. Andreas Pack of the University of Göttingen, and Professor Dr. Thorsten Nagel of the University of Aarhus (Denmark) now suggests that high CO₂ levels are a plausible explanation. This would also solve another geoscientific problem: ocean temperatures that were apparently too high. The study has now appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

A much-debated question in earth science concerns the temperatures of the early oceans. There is evidence that they were very hot. Measurements of oxygen isotopes on very old limestone or siliceous rocks, which serve as geothermometers, indicate seawater temperatures above 70°C (158°F). Lower temperatures would only have been possible if the seawater had changed its oxygen isotope composition. However, this was long considered unlikely.

How CO2 Explains Both Climate and Ocean Chemistry

Models from the new study show that high CO₂ levels in the atmosphere may provide an explanation, since they would also have caused a change in the ocean’s composition. “High CO₂ levels would thus explain two phenomena at once: first, the warm climate on Earth, and second, why geothermometers appear to show hot seawater. Taking into account the different oxygen isotope ratio of seawater, we would arrive at temperatures closer to 40°C (104°F),” said Daniel Herwartz of the University of Cologne.

It is conceivable that there was also a lot of methane in the atmosphere. But that would not have had any effect on the composition of the ocean. Thus, it would not explain why the oxygen geothermometer indicates temperatures that are too high. “Both phenomena can only be explained by high levels of CO₂,” Herwartz added. The authors estimate the total amount of CO₂ to have totaled approximately one bar. That would be as if today’s entire atmosphere consisted of CO₂.

“Today, CO₂ is just a trace gas in the atmosphere. Compared to that, one bar sounds like an absurdly large amount. However, looking at our sister planet Venus with its approximately 90 bar of CO₂ puts things into perspective,” explained Andreas Pack from the University of Göttingen.

On Earth, CO₂ was eventually removed from the atmosphere and the ocean and stored in the form of coal, oil, gas, and black shales as well as in limestone. These carbon reservoirs are mainly located on the continents. However, the young Earth was largely covered by oceans and there were hardly any continents, so the storage capacity for carbon was limited.

“That also explains the enormous CO₂ levels of the young Earth from today’s perspective. After all, roughly three billion years ago, plate tectonics and the development of land masses in which carbon could be stored over a long period of time was just picking up speed,” explained Thorsten Nagel from Aarhus University.

How Plate Tectonics Changed the Carbon Cycle

For the carbon cycle, the onset of plate tectonics changed everything. Large land masses with mountains provided faster silicate weathering, which converted CO₂ into limestone. In addition, carbon became effectively trapped in the Earth’s mantle as oceanic plates were subducted. Plate tectonics thus caused the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to drop sharply. Repeated ice ages show that it became significantly colder on Earth.

“Earlier studies had already indicated that the limestone contents in ancient basalts point to a sharp drop in atmospheric CO₂ levels. This fits well with an increase in oxygen isotopes at the same time. Everything indicates that the atmospheric CO₂ content declined rapidly after the onset of plate tectonics,” Daniel Herwartz concluded. However, in this context ‘rapidly’ refers to several hundred million years.

Reference: “A CO₂ greenhouse efficiently warmed the early Earth and decreased seawater ¹⁸O/¹⁶O before the onset of plate tectonics” by Daniel Herwartz, Andreas Pack and Thorsten J. Nagel, 1 June 2021, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023617118

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