Scientists Discover That a Molecule Has Been Spreading Emotions for Millions of Years

According to a recent study, fish copy emotions just like humans. And the responsible molecule is oxytocin.

When an individual flashes a smile at us, it’s natural for us to reciprocate with a similar expression. Conversely, if we’re in the company of someone experiencing anger or stress, we often inadvertently adopt these negative feelings. This innate inclination to mirror the emotional states of those around us is known as emotional contagion.

This rudimentary empathy has been wired into our brains over millennia, and its purpose is fairly straightforward. When danger is present, emotional contagion helps disseminate fear rapidly, thereby enhancing our likelihood of survival. Furthermore, echoing the feelings of others aids in forging meaningful social connections.

But this behavior is not exclusive to humans. New data from the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) confirm that the mechanisms we use to synchronize emotions go back to the most ancient group of vertebrates, fish.

In their most recent work, the IGC team led by Rui Oliveira tried to understand if, similarly to humans and other mammals, zebrafish need oxytocin to adopt others’ emotions. The experiments they carried out showed that, when fish similar to those found in nature see a shoal in distress, they mirror their behavior. On the other hand, fish with genetic alterations either on oxytocin or its receptors keep swimming normally even when they see their conspecifics in distress. This shows that this molecule is necessary to spread fear, for instance, when one of the shoal’s members is hurt.

But how can we be sure that fish are recognizing fear in their conspecifics and not simply copying their behavior?

“We realized these observers approach the distressed shoal even when it gets back to swimming normally, whereas mutated fish prefer to be close to the group that had always been in a neutral state”, explains Kyriacos Kareklas, a postdoc at the IGC and co-first author of the paper. This means that, via oxytocin, zebrafish decode and mimic the emotional state behind the neighboring shoal’s movements and start behaving in a similar way.

It is impressive that fish get close to the distressed shoal, given that, in nature, this could mean that a predator is nearby. Although it puts them at risk “being approached by conspecifics could help the group recover from stress”, the researcher clarifies. These other-oriented acts are well-described in mammals, where they are also regulated by oxytocin.

But oxytocin is not the only common factor between fish and humans regarding emotional contagion. “To recognize and match emotions, zebrafish use areas of the brain that are equivalent to some of those that humans also use for this purpose”, the principal investigator Rui Oliveira explains.

This makes these fish the perfect model to study this social behavior and its neural mechanisms. This way, these findings lead the way towards understanding how we are affected by others’ emotions and how this shapes our well-being and society, with implications that go from public health and politics to marketing.

Reference: “Evolutionarily conserved role of oxytocin in social fear contagion in zebrafish” by Ibukun Akinrinade, Kyriacos Kareklas, Magda C. Teles, Thais K. Reis, Michael Gliksberg, Giovanni Petri, Gil Levkowitz and Rui F. Oliveira, 23 March 2023, Science.
DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5158

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