This Brain Circuit Might Be Fueling Your Chronic Pain and Fear

Why do some people suffer more than others, even when the pain is the same? Scientists have uncovered a hidden brain circuit that connects the physical experience of pain to its emotional aftermath.

This circuit appears to amplify pain signals, turning brief discomfort into prolonged suffering. It may be the missing link behind conditions like fibromyalgia, migraines, PTSD, and other chronic pain disorders where the distress lingers long after the injury fades.

Emotional Weight of Pain: Beyond the Physical

Pain is more than just a physical feeling. It often comes with emotional distress like anxiety and anguish, which can turn a momentary injury into a lasting struggle.

Now, scientists at the Salk Institute have discovered a specific brain circuit that links physical pain to emotional suffering. This breakthrough could help pave the way for new treatments for chronic and emotionally driven pain conditions such as fibromyalgia, migraines, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

The findings, published on July 9, 2025, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, highlight a group of neurons located in the thalamus, a central brain region. In mouse studies, these neurons appeared to control the emotional side of pain. The discovery challenges the long-standing model of how the brain and body interpret pain.

Rethinking Traditional Pain Pathways

“For decades, the prevailing view was that the brain processes sensory and emotional aspects of pain through separate pathways,” says senior author Sung Han, associate professor and holder of the Pioneer Fund Developmental Chair at Salk. “But there’s been debate about whether the sensory pain pathway might also contribute to the emotional side of pain. Our study provides strong evidence that a branch of the sensory pain pathway directly mediates the affective experience of pain.”

The sensory part of pain allows you to recognize it, measure how intense it is, and pinpoint where it’s coming from. The emotional component is what makes pain feel unpleasant. This discomfort pushes you to respond and helps your brain form negative associations, so you can avoid similar experiences in the future.

Why Tolerance Varies: The Role of Emotion

This is a critical distinction. Most people start to perceive pain at the same stimulus intensities, meaning we all process the sensory side of pain fairly similarly. In comparison, our ability to tolerate pain varies greatly. How much we suffer or feel threatened by pain is determined by our affective processing, and if that becomes too sensitive or lasts too long, it can result in a pain disorder. This makes it important to understand which parts of the brain control these different dimensions of pain.

Sensory pain was thought to be mediated by the spinothalamic tract, a pathway that sends pain signals from the spinal cord to the thalamus, which then relays them to sensory processing areas across the brain.

Affective pain was generally thought to be mediated by a second pathway called the spinoparabrachial tract, which sends pain information from the spinal cord into the brainstem.

Complex Pain Wiring: Revisiting Old Assumptions

However, previous studies using older research methods have suggested the circuitry of pain may be more complex. This long-standing debate inspired Han and his team to revisit the question with modern research tools.

Using advanced techniques to manipulate the activity of specific brain cells, the researchers discovered a new spinothalamic pathway in mice. In this circuit, pain signals are sent from the spinal cord into a different part of the thalamus, which has connections to the amygdala, the brain’s emotional processing center. This particular group of neurons in the thalamus can be identified by their expression of CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), a neuropeptide originally discovered in Professor Ronald Evans’ lab at Salk.

Silencing vs. Activating Pain Emotion Neurons

When the researchers “turned off” (genetically silenced) these CGRP neurons, the mice still reacted to mild pain stimuli, such as heat or pressure, indicating their sensory processing was intact. However, they didn’t seem to associate lasting negative feelings with these situations, failing to show any learned fear or avoidance behaviors in future trials. On the other hand, when these same neurons were “turned on” (optogenetically activated), the mice showed clear signs of distress and learned to avoid that area, even when no pain stimuli had been used.

“Pain processing is not just about nerves detecting pain; it’s about the brain deciding how much that pain matters,” says first author Sukjae Kang, a senior research associate in Han’s lab. “Understanding the biology behind these two distinct processes will help us find treatments for the kinds of pain that don’t respond to traditional drugs.”

Chronic Pain and Oversensitive Brain Responses

Many chronic pain conditions—such as fibromyalgia and migraine—involve long, intense, unpleasant experiences of pain, often without a clear physical source or injury. Some patients also report extreme sensitivity to ordinary stimuli like light, sound, or touch, which others would not perceive as painful.

Han says overactivation of the CGRP spinothalamic pathway may contribute to these conditions by making the brain misinterpret or overreact to sensory inputs. In fact, transcriptomic analysis of the CGRP neurons showed that they express many of the genes associated with migraine and other pain disorders.

Notably, several CGRP blockers are already being used to treat migraines. This study may help explain why these medications work and could inspire new nonaddictive treatments for affective pain disorders.

PTSD and the Brain’s Alarm System

Han also sees potential relevance for psychiatric conditions that involve heightened threat perception, such as PTSD. Growing evidence from his lab suggests that the CGRP affective pain pathway acts as part of the brain’s broader alarm system, detecting and responding to not only pain but a wide range of unpleasant sensations. Quieting this pathway with CGRP blockers could offer a new approach to easing fear, avoidance, and hypervigilance in trauma-related disorders.

Importantly, the relationship between the CGRP pathway and the psychological pain associated with social experiences like grief, loneliness, and heartbreak remains unclear and requires further study.

Toward New Therapies for Suffering

“Our discovery of the CGRP affective pain pathway gives us a molecular and circuit-level explanation for the difference between detecting physical pain and suffering from it,” says Han. “We’re excited to continue exploring this pathway and enabling future therapies that can reduce this suffering.”

Reference: “Thalamic CGRP neurons define a spinothalamic pathway for affective pain” by Sukjae J. Kang, Shijia Liu, Jong-Hyun Kim, Dong-Il Kim, Tae Gyu Oh, Jiahang Peng, Mao Ye, Kuo-Fen Lee, Ronald M. Evans, Martyn Goulding and Sung Han, 9 July 2025, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2505889122

Other authors include Shijia Liu, Jong-Hyun Kim, Dong-Il Kim, Tae Gyu Oh, Jiahang Peng, Mao Ye, Kuo-Fen Lee, Ronald M. Evans, and Martyn Goulding of Salk.

The work was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health (BRAINS grant 1R01MH116203) and the Simons Foundation (Bridge to Independence award SFARI #388708).

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