An artist’s impression of the GPCR activation from inside the cell. Credit: Kobayashi and Kawakami et al., 2023
Researchers discovered a novel method to activate G-protein coupled receptors from inside the cells, and it helps develop drugs without side effects.
The team identified a molecule, PCO371, that interacts with the intracellular region of a specific GPCR, offering a promising approach for treating conditions like obesity, pain, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders.
Have you ever wondered how drugs reach their targets and achieve their function within our bodies? If a drug molecule or a ligand is a message, an inbox is typically a receptor in the cell membrane. One such receptor involved in relaying molecular signals is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). About one-third of existing drugs work by controlling the activation of this protein. Japanese researchers now reveal a new way of activating GPCR by triggering shape changes in the intracellular region of the receptor. This new process can help researchers design drugs with fewer or no side effects.
If the cell membrane is like an Oreo cookie sandwich, GPCR is like a snake with seven segments traversing in and out of the cookie sandwich surface. The extracellular loops are the inbox for messages. When a message molecule binds to the extracellular side of the receptor, it triggers a shape change activating G proteins and ß-arrestin protein attached to the intracellular side of the receptor. Like a molecular relay, the information passes downstream and affects various bodily processes. That is how we see, smell, and taste, which are sensations of light, smell, and taste messages.
An artist’s impression of resulting targeted response from GPCR activation from inside the cell. Credit: Kobayashi and Kawakami et al., 2023
Adverse side effects ensue if drugs acting on GPCRs activate multiple signaling pathways rather than a specific target pathway. That is why drug development focuses on activating specific molecular signal pathways within cells. Activating the GPCR from inside the cell rather than outside the cell could be one way to achieve specificity. But until now, there was no evidence of direct activation of only the intracellular side of GPCRs without the initiations from the extracellular side.
A team of researchers headed by Osamu Nureki, a professor at the University of Tokyo, and his lab, discovered a new receptor activation mode of a bone metabolism-related GPCR called human parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) without signal transduction from the extracellular side.
“Understanding the molecular mechanism will enable us to design optimal drugs,” says Kazuhiro Kobayashi, a doctoral student and an author of the study. Such a drug offers “a promising treatment for osteoporosis.”
Kobayashi has been conducting research on bone formation in animal models since he was an undergrad. “Treatments for osteoporosis that target PTH1R require strict dosage, have administration route restrictions, and there aren’t yet any better alternatives,” he says. That motivated their team to look for better drug design strategies targeting the parathyroid hormone receptor.
To understand function through structure, they used cryo-electron microscopy and revealed the 3D structure of the PTH1R and G protein bound to a message molecule. The team synthesized a non-peptide message molecule called PCO371 which binds to the intracellular region of the receptor and interacts directly with G protein subunits. In other words, PCO371 activates the receptor after entering the cell.
The PCO371-bound PTH1R structure can directly and stably modulate the intracellular side of PTH1R. And because PCO371 activates only G protein and not ß-arrestin it does not cause side effects. This specificity of its binding and receptor activation mode makes it a suitable candidate for potential small-molecule-based drugs for class B1 GPCRs, like PTH1R, which currently lack oral administrative drug ligands. Such drugs would have reduced adverse effects and burdens on patients as they act on specific molecular pathways.
The findings from this study will help “develop new drugs for disorders such as obesity, pain, osteoporosis, and neurological disorders.”
The study appears in the journal Nature.
Reference: “Class B1 GPCR activation by an intracellular agonist” by Kazuhiro Kobayashi, Kouki Kawakami, Tsukasa Kusakizako, Atsuhiro Tomita, Michihiro Nishimura, Kazuhiro Sawada, Hiroyuki H. Okamoto, Suzune Hiratsuka, Gaku Nakamura, Riku Kuwabara, Hiroshi Noda, Hiroyasu Muramatsu, Masaru Shimizu, Tomohiko Taguchi, Asuka Inoue, Takeshi Murata and Osamu Nureki, 7 June 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06169-3
The fallacy of this is that everything in the living organism is interconnected, so if you manipulate even one variable it affects other aspects. A way to avoid side effects is the approach of homeopathy, where a remedy consists of an energy pattern that triggers a response from the immune system and the body heals itself.