New research reveals that “infantile amnesia” – the forgetting of memories formed during early infancy – is both reversible and preventable.
Neuroscientists have discovered a fascinating connection between the retention of early life memories and brain developmental trajectories associated with autism.
Most of us remember little of our experiences from before two years of age. This form of memory loss, termed “infantile amnesia” refers to the seemingly complete loss of episodic and autobiographical memories formed during early life. The research team at Trinity College Dublin investigated how infantile amnesia is affected by forms of autism.
Maternal Immune Response and Autism
The maternal immune response, sparked into life in response to infection during pregnancy, is known to contribute to the cause of autism in both humans and mice. The Trinity neuroscientists report for the first time that this altered brain state also prevents the usual loss of memories formed during infancy.
Mouse Model and Memory Retention
Using a mouse model the team behind this discovery showed that exposure to maternal immune activation, where inflammation is artificially induced during pregnancy in the absence of infection in order to alter offspring brain development, acts as a safeguard against developmental memory loss in early life by impacting the way specialist memory cells (engrams) in the brain function.
New Insights Into Memory Retrieval
Furthermore, the study revealed that memories normally forgotten from infancy can be permanently reinstated if the correct memory engrams are activated in adults (in these experiments they used an “optogenetics” approach, which uses light to trigger specific neural pathways linked to the memory engrams of interest). These findings imply that infantile amnesia stems from a retrieval deficiency, as early childhood memories are still stored in the adult brain but cannot normally be accessed through natural recall.
Dr. Tomás Ryan, Associate Professor in Trinity’s School of Biochemistry and Immunology and the Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, is senior author of the article that has been published today in the leading international journal, Science Advances.
Dr. Ryan emphasized the significance of these findings stating:
“Infantile amnesia is possibly the most ubiquitous yet underappreciated form of memory loss in humans and mammals. Despite its widespread relevance, little is known about the biological conditions underpinning this amnesia and its effect on the engram cells that encode each memory. As a society, we assume infant forgetting is an unavoidable fact of life, so we pay little attention to it.”
“These new findings suggest that immune activation during pregnancy results in an altered brain state that alters our innate, yet reversible ‘forgetting switches’ that determine whether the forgetting of infant memories will occur. This research holds significant implications for enhancing our comprehension of memory and forgetting across child development, as well as overall cognitive flexibility in the context of autism.”
Lead author of the study, Dr. Sarah Power, who completed her PhD research in Dr. Ryan’s team (now a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, Germany), said:
“Our brains’ early developmental trajectories seem to affect what we remember or forget as we move through infancy. We now hope to investigate in more detail how development affects the storage and retrieval of early childhood memories, which could have a number of important knock-on impacts from both an educational and a medical perspective.”
Conclusion and Implications of the Study
This study marks a major milestone in developmental memory research by shedding light on the connection between the retention of early childhood memories and maternal immune responses associated with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It also emphasizes the adaptability of brain function in response to environmental challenges across embryonic and early postnatal development.
Reference: “Immune activation state modulates infant engram expression across development” by Sarah D. Power, Erika Stewart, Louisa G. Zielke, Eric P. Byrne, Aaron Douglas, Clara Ortega-de San Luis, Lydia Lynch and Tomás J. Ryan, 8 November 2023, Science Advances.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9921
This research was supported by the Jacobs Foundation; Science Foundation Ireland; the European Research Council; Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds; the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine; the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation; and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).
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