Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector will allow researchers to listen to the Big Bang and to black holes forming throughout the universe.
New technology that breaks the quantum measurement barrier has been developed to detect the gravity waves first predicted by Einstein in 1916.
Professor David Blair was one of 800 physicists from around the world who announced a breakthrough in measurement science last month.
“Gravitational wave astronomy is going to be the new astronomy that’s likely to really revolutionize our understanding of the universe,” he says. “It will allow us to listen to the Big Bang and to black holes forming throughout the universe.”
“These are detectors that can allow humanity to explore the beginning of time and the end of time.”
According to current theory, time began with the Big Bang and ends in black holes. Specialized equipment known as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) uses laser beams to measure gravitational ripples of space and time.
The detector consists of an L-shaped vacuum system, four kilometers long, with mirrors at the ends. Lasers directed at the mirrors are isolated from irrelevant vibrations by a vibration isolation system.
He says the addition of a new technique called ‘quantum squeezing’ at the world’s largest gravitational wave detector allowed researchers to eliminate a lot of the ‘noise’ caused by quantum fluctuations.
“The recent announcement is the first implementation in a multi-kilometer detector.” “It proves that the quantum barrier [that] physicists thought would limit sensitivity can be overcome.”
The new equipment has allowed the physicists to break the quantum measurement barrier, defined until recently by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
“This is a major breakthrough that makes us even more confident that in a few years, we will begin to directly measure the ripples in space,” he says. As a result, there is no lower limit on the amount of measurable energy, and extremely subtle gravitational waves will become detectable.
“These instruments represent the pinnacle of technology,” he says. “They’ve got the most perfect mirrors ever created, they’ve got the most powerful laser light that’s ever been used in any measuring system.”
“They’ve got a vacuum that is so good that the size of any leak would represent less than a teaspoon full of air leaking into it in about 300 years.”
“They can measure the smallest amounts of energy that has ever been measured but the new method enables them measure even less.”
“The uncertainties from empty space can be suppressed so as to measure something even smaller.”
Publication: “Enhanced sensitivity of the LIGO gravitational wave detector by using squeezed states of light” by J. Aasi, et al., 21 July 2013, Nature Photonics.
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.177
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