Extreme Geophysics: Quantum Phase Transition Detected on a Global Scale Deep Inside the Earth

Seismological Expression of the Iron Spin Crossover in Ferropericlase in the Earth’s Lower Mantle

Illustration to accompany Nature Communications paper, “Seismological expression of the iron spin crossover in ferropericlase in the Earth’s lower mantle.” Credit: Nicoletta Barolini/Columbia Engineering

Multidisciplinary team of materials physicists and geophysicists combine theoretical predictions, simulations, and seismic tomography to find spin transition in the Earth’s mantle.

The interior of the Earth is a mystery, especially at greater depths (> 660 km). Researchers only have seismic tomographic images of this region and, to interpret them, they need to calculate seismic (acoustic) velocities in minerals at high pressures and temperatures. With those calculations, they can create 3D velocity maps and figure out the mineralogy and temperature of the observed regions. When a phase transition occurs in a mineral, such as a crystal structure change under pressure, scientists observe a velocity change, usually a sharp seismic velocity discontinuity.

In 2003, scientists observed in a lab a novel type of phase change in minerals — a spin change in iron in ferropericlase, the second most abundant component of the Earth’s lower mantle. A spin change, or spin crossover, can happen in minerals like ferropericlase under an external stimulus, such as pressure or temperature. Over the next few years, experimental and theoretical groups confirmed this phase change in both ferropericlase and bridgmanite, the most abundant phase of the lower mantle. But no one was quite sure why or where this was happening.

Spin Crossover Signature

Cold, subducting oceanic plates are seen as fast velocity regions in (a) and (b), and warm rising mantle rock is seen as slow velocity regions in (c). Plates and plumes produce a coherent tomographic signal in S-wave models, but the signal partially disappears in P-wave models. Credit: Columbia Engineering

In 2006, Columbia Engineering Professor Renata Wentzcovitch published her first paper on ferropericlase, providing a theory for the spin crossover in this mineral. Her theory suggested it happened across a thousand kilometers in the lower mantle. Since then, Wentzcovitch, who is a professor in the applied physics and applied mathematics department, earth and environmental sciences, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, has published 13 papers with her group on this topic, investigating velocities in every possible situation of the spin crossover in ferropericlase and bridgmanite, and predicting properties of these minerals throughout this crossover. In 2014, Wenzcovitch, whose research focuses on computational quantum mechanical studies of materials at extreme conditions, in particular planetary materials predicted how this spin change phenomenon could be detected in seismic tomographic images, but seismologists still could not see it.

Working with a multidisciplinary team from Columbia Engineering, the University of Oslo, the Tokyo Institute of Technology, and Intel Co., Wenzcovitch’s latest paper details how they have now identified the ferropericlase spin crossover signal, a quantum phase transition deep within the Earth’s lower mantle. This was achieved by looking at specific regions in the Earth’s mantle where ferropericlase is expected to be abundant. The study was published on October 8, 2021, in Nature Communications.

“This exciting finding, which confirms my earlier predictions, illustrates the importance of materials physicists and geophysicists working together to learn more about what’s going on deep within the Earth,” said Wentzcovitch.

Spin transition is commonly used in materials like those used for magnetic recording. If you stretch or compress just a few nanometer-thick layers of a magnetic material, you can change the layer’s magnetic properties and improve the medium recording properties. Wentzcovitch’s new study shows that the same phenomenon happens across thousands of kilometers in the Earth’s interior, taking this from the nano- to the macro-scale.

“Moreover, geodynamic simulations have shown that the spin crossover invigorates convection in the Earth’s mantle and tectonic plate motion. So we think that this quantum phenomenon also increases the frequency of tectonic events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,” Wentzcovitch notes.

There are still many regions of the mantle researchers do not understand and spin state change is critical to understanding velocities, phase stabilities, etc. Wentzcovitch is continuing to interpret seismic tomographic maps using seismic velocities predicted by ab initio calculations based on density functional theory. She is also developing and applying more accurate materials simulation techniques to predicting seismic velocities and transport properties, particularly in regions rich in iron, molten, or at temperatures close to melting.

“What’s especially exciting is that our materials simulation methods are applicable to strongly correlated materials — multiferroic, ferroelectrics, and materials at high temperatures in general,” Wentzcovitch says. “We’ll be able to improve our analyses of 3D tomographic images of the Earth and learn more about how the crushing pressures of the Earth’s interior are indirectly affecting our lives above, on the Earth’s surface.”

Reference: “Seismological expression of the iron spin crossover in ferropericlase in the Earth’s lower mantle” by Grace E. Shephard, Christine Houser, John W. Hernlund, Juan J. Valencia-Cardona, Reidar G. Trønnes and Renata M. Wentzcovitch, 8 October 2021, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26115-z

5 Comments on "Extreme Geophysics: Quantum Phase Transition Detected on a Global Scale Deep Inside the Earth"

  1. Hahahahaha
    Oh, you’re serious
    Let me take a breath so I can laugh harder.
    Hahahahaha
    You ppl get paid for making sh*t up?
    Maybe the joke is on me then.
    Spin crossover, quantum phenomenon, Hahahahaha stop it I can’t breathe.
    Idiots!

  2. im having major major problems with this
    diagram a diagram b location location location ??????????????
    i spy with my little eye diagram c west coast to east coast of africa
    surface of globe
    total area distance approximately 4000 kilometres long x 100 kilometres width
    gabon west coast ———-4000 kilometres long ———–somalia east coast
    2021 surface of africa on circumference of the earth 6000 kilometres from earth core
    no record showing for a depth of 800 kilometres = 5200 kilometres from earth core
    subducting record on somalia 1000 kilometres depth = 5000 kilometres from earth core
    subducting record on somalia 2000 kilometre depth = 4000 kilometres from earth core
    subducting record gabon and somalia 2500 kilometre depth = 3500 kilometres from earth core
    so you need pressure and you want temperature

    well a 4000 kilometre long plate subducted to a depth of 3000 kilometres according to the laws of physics wont survive as that size
    and according to the laws of physics its size will now be 2000 kilometres
    so its compressed from 4000 kilometres to 2000 kilometres
    so its heated up from cool surface temperature to squashed and squished half size it must be in a suana or is it a hot press condition all dried out and withered away
    depth 1000 kilometres prof renata on ferropericlase bridgmanite theory on spin crossover if you stretch or compress just a few nanometre thick layers of a magnetic material you can change the layers magnetic properties
    hello hello ha ha ha ha ha ya gave us all a good halloween fright laugh ya did prof

  3. Patricia A. Lynch | October 18, 2021 at 10:23 pm | Reply

    Sounds promising for the forecasting and foretelling of volcanic and earthquake activity as they explain in the last paragraph. Your reaction reveals the mindset politically and scientifically of a third of this country.

  4. “There are still many regions of the mantle researchers do not understand and spin state change is critical to understanding velocities, phase stabilities, etc. ”

    “Etc.”??? If only we could understand THAT.

    (Seriously, who edits this stuff?

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