A study by psychologists at the University of Bonn reveals that pregnant women’s mindsets can influence childbirth outcomes, with those viewing it as a natural process requiring less medical intervention and experiencing more positive birth experiences. This research highlights the importance of psychological factors in childbirth and the need to support expectant mothers in their differing mindsets to enable positive, self-determined birthing experiences.
A University of Bonn study found that if birth is perceived as a natural process, it is less likely to experience complications.
According to a longitudinal study conducted by psychologists at the University of Bonn, the attitudes and mindsets of pregnant women can play a significant role in shaping the outcome of childbirth. The study, which involved 300 participants, found that women who viewed childbirth as a normal physiological process were less likely to require pain medication or a cesarean section. The results of the study have been published in the European Journal of Social Psychology.
Childbirth can either be viewed as a natural event or as a more medical procedure.
“It depends on the mindset,” says Dr. Lisa Hoffmann from the Department of Psychology at the University of Bonn. “Mindsets can be understood as a kind of mental lense that guide our perception of the world around us and can influence our behavior.”
Dr. Lisa Hoffmann of the Social and Legal Psychology at the University of Bonn. Credit: Volker Lannert/University of Bonn
Specifically, this means that childbirth is either seen as a process that the woman giving birth can manage without medical aids, with a few exceptions. Or, in contrast, childbirth may be perceived as a risky event that requires medical supervision and intervention, such as cesarean section, pain relief, and episiotomy.
“Our mindset can influence how we react in certain situations,” says Prof. Dr. Rainer Banse from the Department of Social and Legal Psychology at the University of Bonn. Together with their institute colleague Dr. Norbert Hilger, Dr. Lisa Hoffmann, and Prof. Rainer Banse discovered that this is also the case in pregnant women. In one study, researchers interviewed some 300 women from the first half of pregnancy to six months postpartum about their attitudes, assumptions, and experiences.
Importance of psychological factors
“The study highlights the importance of psychological factors in childbirth,” Hoffmann says, summarizing the findings. “The mindset of the expectant mother can have an effect on whether the birth is more likely to be low-intervention or intervention-rich.” Women who viewed childbirth as a natural process needed less medical intervention during delivery and, as a result, had a more positive birth experience after delivery. Weeks later, they showed lower levels of depression or post-traumatic stress.
Using an online tool, participants in the study were asked about their personality traits such as anxiety, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, as well as their mindset, during pregnancy. A few weeks before the birth, the researchers also checked whether there were any risks to the pregnancy and where the delivery was to take place. In the first week after delivery, questions focused on the subjective birth experience and whether medical interventions were performed.
As part of a diary survey, the participants also filled out a short questionnaire on their smartphone every day for a few weeks and then weekly, covering topics such as their well-being and breastfeeding. Around eight weeks after birth, the focus was on whether symptoms of depression or post-traumatic stress were present. The final online survey was conducted six months after delivery. The focus here was on the mother-child bonding.
Several steps to a positive birth experience
“However, the mindset cannot predict the bonding to the child six months after birth,” Hoffmann explains. “Because there are a lot of steps in between.” According to the psychologists’ model, mindset has an effect on the course of labor and birth. When there are fewer medical interventions during childbirth, the result is a more positive birth experience. This in turn impacts the well-being of both mother and child. And all of this together, if positive, can create a more secure mother-child bonding.
“However, this does not mean that there is a ‘good’ (natural) and a ‘bad’ (medical) mindset,” states the psychologist. The goal, Hoffmann says, should therefore be to support childbearing women in their different mindsets and enable them to have a positive and self-determined birthing experience.
What should be done if women experience pregnancy and childbirth as extreme stress? A wide range of childbirth preparation options are available for this reason. However, the extent to which mindsets can be changed as a possible starting point has not yet been sufficiently empirically tested, Hoffmann says. In further studies, she would like to investigate the link between mindset and birth as a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in more detail.
Reference: “The mindset of birth predicts birth outcomes: Evidence from a prospective longitudinal study” by Lisa Hoffmann, Norbert Hilger and Rainer Banse, 13 March 2023, European Journal of Social Psychology.
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2940
The German Research Foundation (DFG) funded the study.
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