Modern computing techniques are transforming historical research by enabling the analysis of cultural artifacts to uncover societal mindsets and psychological trends. However, these methods, mainly validated with contemporary content, face challenges in accurately representing the diverse strata of historical societies. Juvenility in baby faces and in historical artwork. Credit: Trends in Cognitive Sciences/Baumard et al.
No two civilizations throughout history have identical thought patterns. The way a society thinks at any given point in history provides valuable insights to historians, revealing significant indicators of psychological changes, such as shifts in social trust or openness.
A study recently published in the journal Trends in Cognitive Sciences highlights how contemporary computational techniques like text mining, facial recognition algorithms, and melody extraction software facilitate extensive analysis of cultural artifacts, including paintings, literature, and fashion. These methods are key in extracting psychological information embedded within these cultural expressions.
Novel Methods in Historical Analysis
“It is obviously impossible to distribute questionnaires or conduct experiments on individuals who have been dead for decades or centuries,” write the authors, led by Nicholas Baumard of Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University. “These novel methods, together with the increasing availability of digitized cultural datasets, have improved our ability to characterize and quantify several psychological dimensions across a variety of documents and historical periods.”
Cognitive scientists can draw conclusions about the psychology of past peoples based on their consumption of specific types of media. For example, changes in the consumption of sad music over time could explain a culture’s long-term trends in empathy. We may also gain insight into a civilization’s parental trends based on the popularity of cute baby portraits over time. In addition, portraits of older rulers can reveal whether power or trustworthiness was seen as more important in a political leader.
“In 2023, it would be difficult to imagine Charles III posing like Henry VIII, focusing on physical dominance,” the authors write. “Charles III is expected to display signs of sympathy and trustworthiness. Thus, the portrait of Charles III, and that of Henry VIII, indirectly tell us something about the degree of dominance and authoritarianism that their subjects considered acceptable.”
These cultural artifacts can be studied on a larger scale than ever before thanks to new computational methods. According to the review, text mining has been used to quantify the personality traits of historic literature, face detection algorithms have been used to determine the emotional expressions in works of art, and melodic extraction has been used to measure the emotional impact of music based on audio recordings or a written musical score.
Challenges and Limitations
However, the authors note that, because computational methods have mostly been validated based on their analysis of modern content, they may need more development before being able to make robust conclusions about the past. In addition, many of the cultural artifacts that survived up to today were intended for the upper classes of society. This means that resulting psychological data may not have applied to the majority of a given era’s inhabitants.
Reference: “Cognitive fossils: using cultural artifacts to reconstruct psychological changes throughout history” by Nicolas Baumard, Lou Safra, Mauricio Martins and Coralie Chevallier, 8 November 2023, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.10.001
This work was supported by the EUR FrontCog grant.
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