A new study published in Nature emphasizes the urgent need for immediate action to help people adapt to changing conditions and protect these biodiversity hotspots.
Farmers in Africa’s mountain regions are witnessing dramatic shifts in local weather, including higher temperatures, diminished fog, altered rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme events like droughts and floods. This growing unpredictability has forced them to adjust planting and harvesting schedules while battling increased pests and diseases that affect crops, livestock, and people—all of which reduce crop yields and overall food supplies.
These changes pose a serious threat to food security and human health. The repercussions extend beyond mountain communities, affecting the thousands of people downstream who depend on these regions for vital resources.
We already knew that mountain communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change but we did not have data specifically for Africa – surprising considering there are around 288 million people living in the continent’s mountain regions.
The new data, published in Nature Climate Change, was gathered through interviews with 1500 smallholder farmers from ten mountain regions in eight countries across equatorial Africa: Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, and Tanzania.
Why didn’t we know this before now?
“In most African mountains, there are no meteorological stations or long-term records of crop yields,” explains Aida Cuni-Sanchez, the lead researcher from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. “Just because the changes were not recorded, it doesn’t mean they didn’t occur.”
In the absence of historical data, the researchers recorded the farmers’ experiences and indigenous knowledge to build a record of past changes. They found that there have been numerous climatic changes and impacts in the biophysical domain.
How can mountain communities adapt to climate change?
The study revealed that mountain communities have changed their farming practices in response to the changes in their environment. These changes include adopting new crop varieties and investing in alternative ways to manage water resources and soil erosion. Farmers have also increased their use of agro-chemicals and some are investing in more veterinary care for their livestock.
Whilst similar climate change effects were reported on all ten of the mountains studied, the ways the farmers try to adapt to the climate changes differed. This highlights the notion that a one-size-fits-all approach to climate change impacts should be avoided.
“Adaptation strategies must be tailored to the specific environmental, social, and political dynamics of each mountain region,” explains co-researcher, Rob Marchant (University of York). “They should carefully consider the unintended consequences of some national policies and the constraints of ongoing violent conflicts.”
Tailored, community-driven solutions
The researchers urge increased investment in community-driven solutions that respect the unique characteristics of each region. They call for policies that are sensitive to the unique environmental, social, and political dynamics of each mountain area. As the study shows, national policies can have unintended consequences and can fail to address local challenges. In addition, local adaptation is particularly difficult in conflict-affected regions.
“Our study shows that in the conflict-affected English-speaking regions of Cameroon, farmers prefer to focus on farming land near villages; they stopped livestock farming as animals can be easily stolen. But in eastern DRC – where there is also conflict – farmers are stopping farming and focusing on livestock. This is because, when conflict escalates, they can move away and relocate with their cows – but they can’t move their farms and crops. So, one needs to consider each context differently,” explains Cuni-Sanchez.
“We need collaborative action between local communities and other stakeholders to co-develop sustainable adaptation strategies. Our study shows a need for global support to ensure that mountain communities have the tools, resources, and strategies they need to adapt to climate change and sustain their livelihoods for future generations. That is why we also wrote a policy brief to reach policymakers and practitioners,” adds the tropical forest ecologist and ethnobotanist.
“The profound effects of climate change on mountain communities should not be underestimated,” adds Marchant. “By working with international partners on how land use policy is developed and implemented, we hope to accelerate learning and support change from the ground up.”
Reference: “Perceived climate change impacts and adaptation responses in ten African mountain regions” by Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Abreham B. Aneseyee, Ghislain K. R. Baderha, Rodrigue Batumike, Robert Bitariho, Gerard Imani, Nisha Jha, Kaiza R. Kaganzi, Beth A. Kaplin, Julia A. Klein, Ana Leite, Robert A. Marchant, Emanuel H. Martin, Fatuma Mcharazo, Ben Mwangi, Alain S. K. Ngute, Jacques Nkengurutse, Aline Nkurunziza, Lydia Olaka, Teshome Soromessa, Romeo O. K. Tchoffo, Jessica P. R. Thorn, Isaac Twinomuhangi, Martin J. P. Sullivan and Noelia Zafra-Calvo, 6 January 2025, Nature Climate Change.
DOI: 10.1038/s41558-024-02221-w
Funding: Global Challenges Research Fund, Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), Mountain Sentinels Fellowship 2021
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4 Comments
“Farmers in Africa’s mountain regions are witnessing dramatic shifts in local weather, including higher temperatures, diminished fog, altered rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme events like droughts and floods.”
We are presented with a hard-luck story about people struggling to survive, supposedly because of climate change, and presented with a picture of denuded hills where the diverse forest has been replaced with a monoculture crop. Is it any surprise that the local climate is changing after the extensive modifications of the terrain? I’m reminded of the alarm raised about the retreat of the glacier of Mount Kilimanjaro, which was blamed on global climate change. After some study, it was discovered that the problem was extensive clear-cut logging upwind of Kilimanjaro, depriving the mountain of the moisture from transpiration that was necessary to make snow. Why blame the rest of the world for a problem that is clearly the result of local practices? Cutting back on CO2 or CH4 in the rest of the world will probably have little, if any, impact on war-torn Equatorial Africa.
Most readers are probably too young to remember the Sunday comic strip called, “Pogo.” Well before climate change became the scapegoat to blame, the cartoonist wrote, “We have met the enemy and it is us!” Truer words have not been spoken.
Ah well. Simple proof that climates are changing comes in from Africa as well as in other continents.
Now whether that is because of us and our assorted globally local activities or simply because local people across the world globally have chopped down trees, built vast sprawling cities, commute to work in cars locked into traffic jams, fly everywhere as takes our fancy and burn hydrocarbon fuels for all activities and don’t switch off electric light bulbs is simply a mere coincidence and thus matter for conjecture. However, Alpine glaciers around the world are melting very quickly so things are getting a bit warmer everywhere and quite where it will lead is highly predictable as we are horrendously tribal beyond what is sensible.
Turn off your computer (and lights) when you leave the room. Goodnight.
“However, Alpine glaciers around the world are melting very quickly so things are getting a bit warmer everywhere …”
That is one explanation, albeit somewhat myopic. Glaciers can retreat because increased dust and soot cause more absorption of sunlight at the surface and melts the ice, even if the surrounding atmosphere were to stay the same temperature. If cloudiness deceases, there will be more sunlight reaching the ice, causing melting, again without the ground air-temperature necessarily increasing. Increased windiness can increase the sublimation rate, thus causing the glaciers to shrink. Similarly, if the relative humidity decreases, sublimation will increase. Decreased snowfall will result in the glaciers shrinking. If the percentage of precipitation that falls as rain increases, the melting of ice will increase. If under-ice dormant volcanoes in West Antarctica re-activate from magma re-filling magma chambers, the geothermal heat flow will increase, causing basal melting of glaciers above. Similarly, if polar submarine volcanoes in the path of ocean currents become active they will slightly warm the currents, which if they impinge on the base of ice shelves, may melt the ice, which some glaciologists claim will cause the glaciers to speed up. Alpine glaciers are the remnants of a much colder time 20,000 years ago when wind, clouds, dust, and precipitation patterns were very different. While the decadal variations in solar insolation are currently quite small, we can’t be as certain about the influence of galactic dust clouds even thousands of years ago. The only things we can be relatively certain about are the Milankovitch Cycles that tell us that long before Man had the power to potentially influence global temperatures, astronomical and volcanic events caused large changes in global temperatures.
In order to say, with any confidence, that it is increasing air temperatures alone (let alone driven by humans) that are responsible for the retreat of alpine glaciers, one has to eliminate all the other variables as influences on the current melting rate. To the best of my knowledge that hasn’t been done. Were you even aware of the other influences?