Brain Mimics in a Dish: The Dawn of Next-Gen Organoids to Model Pediatric Brain Tumors

Image of novel brain organoid model showing its characteristic convoluted shaped and extended neuroepithelium. The neurons present in the organoid are shown in different colors depending on their location within the tissue. Credit: Benedetta Artegiani, Delilah Hendriks, Anna Pagliaro

Researchers from the Princess Máxima Center and the Hubrecht Institute have developed advanced brain organoids that closely resemble the human cortex. These organoids, named Expanded Neuroepithelium Organoids (ENOs), mimic the brain’s development and cellular identity more accurately than previous models. These mini-organs have features like cell organization, stem cell expansion, and cell identity that more closely mimic real brains. These novel organoids can be used as a basis to model pediatric brain tumors.

Multiple childhood brain tumors, like cortical gliomas, arise from the cortex, the outer layer of the largest part of the brain and the brain’s most expanded structure. Currently, around six in ten children are still alive five years after they were diagnosed with a malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Research into a better understanding of how brain tumors arise and develop could help researchers in finding possible targets for treatment.

Advancements in Organoid Models

To study the development of the brain and brain tumors, scientists use organoids: 3D mini-organs or mini-tumors grown in the lab. In a new study, scientists at the Princess Máxima Center and the Hubrecht Institute created a new cortex organoid that better represents the human brain.

Image of novel brain organoid model showing its characteristic convoluted shaped and extended neuroepithelium. The neurons present in the organoid are shown in different colors depending on their location within the tissue. Credit: Benedetta Artegiani, Delilah Hendriks, Anna Pagliaro

The new study led by Dr. Benedetta Artegiani, research group leader at the Máxima Center and Delilah Hendriks, Oncode-researcher at the Hubrecht Institute and affiliated group leader at the Máxima Center, published today (November 28) in Nature Communications. The new cortex organoid that they generated more closely represents the human brain in multiple aspects: its shape, its architectural organization, and several properties of its cells.

Recreating the Developing Human Brain

The formation of the human brain starts with a single structure, called the neural tube, which is composed of a specific tissue, called the neuroepithelium. The cells in this structure are then slowly ‘instructed’ to generate all the different cells that are present in the various parts of the brain.

Artegiani says: “The current brain organoid models generally have several developmental structures acting like an ‘independent’ small developing brain, within one organoid. Researchers have tried for a long time to mitigate the formation of these multiple structures. To diminish variability, increase reproducibility, better recreate the brain’s different cellular identities, and ultimately to recapitulate brain development more closely. Now in this research, the new organoid model is composed of this self-organizing, single developing neuroepithelium.”

3D imaging of novel brain organoid viewed from different angles. The different colors represent different cell types present in the organoid. Credit: Benedetta Artegiani, Delilah Hendriks, Anna Pagliaro

Anna Pagliaro, PhD student and first author of the study: “We tried to mimic, in a dish, gradients of molecules that are present during brain development over time. This resulted in mini-brains that are very different in shape and structure than we used to work with. These organoids overall better resemble the early stages of brain development. It is quite impressive to see how much the shape of these organoids can influence all the different cells that form them, both in terms of their shape, architecture but also identity.”

Mimicking Mechanisms of the Human Brain

The researchers named the new mini-brains Expanded Neuroepithelium Organoids (ENOs) for the developmental tissue used to grow them. To generate them, they made a small but important change. Hendriks: “Cells in the brain are instructed to acquire their identity through molecules that act slowly in time, the so-called temporal gradients. This is exactly what we tried to mimic. To our surprise, it was enough to just provide one of the molecules (TGF-b) slowly step-by-step to generate brain organoids. This tiny change had an enormous impact and allowed us to generate organoids with a shape and an identity more similar to the human brain.”

3D video of brain organoid showing in yellow the stem cells and in magenta neurons. Credit: Benedetta Artegiani, Delilah Hendriks, Anna Pagliaro

Future Directions and Pediatric Brain Tumor Research

Pediatric brain tumors may derive from unusual or mistaken developmental processes and their study could benefit from these new models that better recapitulate early embryonic developmental mechanisms. The signaling molecule that the researchers used to make the organoids is often altered in childhood brain tumors, also suggesting that the onset of cancer in young children could be linked with changes in brain development. Now that the researchers understand that temporal gradients are of great importance in generating more accurate organoids, this study paves the way to developing brain organoids more and more similar to the developing human brain.

Artegiani: “We can use these novel organoids as a basis to model pediatric brain tumors, and study more in-depth the role of TFG-b signaling in this process. Our research marks an essential step to creating proper models to study pediatric brain cancer. If such a small change of a signaling molecule has such a great impact on brain organoid models, we can only start to imagine which effects small alterations during development can have on how pediatric brain tumors can develop.”

Reference: “Temporal morphogen gradient-driven neural induction shapes single expanded neuroepithelium brain organoids with enhanced cortical identity” by Anna Pagliaro, Roxy Finger, Iris Zoutendijk, Saskia Bunschuh, Hans Clevers, Delilah Hendriks and Benedetta Artegiani, 28 November 2023, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43141-1

This study was partially funded by a NWO open competition M-grant.