Scientists have determined that Earth’s ancient plume mantle (the deep part) had a water concentration that was a factor of 4 to 250 times lower when compared with the water concentration of the upper mantle. The resulting viscosity contrast could have prevented mixing within the mantle, which would help explain certain long-standing mysteries about Earth’s formation and evolution.
New Model Shows Earth’s Deep Mantle Was Drier From the Start
Earth’s mantle is the thick layer of silicate rock between Earth’s crust and its molten core. It makes up about 84% of our planet’s volume. Although the mantle is predominantly solid, on geologic time scales, it behaves as a viscous fluid — as difficult to stir and mix as a pot of caramel.
However, sticking with candy analogies, maybe think more about malt balls and not gooey caramels. A new study suggests that the deep part of the ancient mantle closest to the Earth’s core started out substantially drier than the part of the mantle closest to the young planet’s surface. This research was conducted by Rita Parai, assistant professor of earth and planetary sciences in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis.
By analyzing noble gas isotope data, Parai determined that the ancient plume mantle (the deep part) had a water concentration that was a factor of 4 to 250 times lower when compared with the water concentration of the upper mantle.
Subsequently, the resulting viscosity contrast could have prevented mixing within the mantle. This would help explain certain long-standing mysteries about Earth’s formation and evolution. The research was published the week of July 11 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
The airglow blankets the Earth’s horizon during an orbital sunset in this photograph from the International Space Station as it orbited 262 miles above the Pacific Ocean southwest of California. Credit: NASA
“A primordial viscosity contrast may explain why the giant impacts that triggered whole-mantle magma oceans did not homogenize the growing planet,” said Parai, who is a faculty fellow of the university’s McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences. “It also could explain why the plume mantle has experienced less processing by partial melting over Earth history.”
Parai’s investigation challenges an assumption that was once widely held in her field: that Earth’s mantle was uniform from the start. When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the sun. Volatiles like water, carbon, nitrogen, and the noble gases were delivered to Earth as it formed. However, Parai’s study suggests that the material that accreted earlier was a drier type of rock than what accreted later.
She found that mantle helium, neon, and xenon (Xe) isotopes require that the plume mantle had low concentrations of volatiles like Xe and water at the end of that period of accretion, compared with the upper mantle. The upper mantle may have benefited from a larger contribution of mass from volatile-rich materials similar to a class of meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites.
Parai takes a multi-pronged approach to figuring out a planet’s life story. This study in PNAS presents a model that she developed, but Parai also does her own experimental work with rock samples in her high-temperature isotope geochemistry laboratory at Washington University. She studies noble gas isotopes — especially those from Xe — in volcanic rocks to understand the evolution of Earth’s mantle composition and in terrestrial rocks at Earth’s surface to see the evolution of the atmosphere.
“In my lab,” Parai said, “we take natural rock samples — mostly modern volcanic rocks, but also some ancient rocks — and we try to understand different things about Earth history. Specifically, we want to know how Earth got its atmosphere, its oceans and other features related to habitability.”
Reference: “A dry ancient plume mantle from noble gas isotopes” by Rita Parai, 14 July 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201815119
Funding: DOE/US Department of Energy
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