The discovery of ‘ovoid cells’ is transforming our understanding of memory and may pave the way for new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and other neurological conditions.
Look around your home, and you’ll see familiar comforts—family photos on the walls, worn sneakers by the door, and a shelf filled with travel mementos. These objects become part of our memories, shaping our sense of identity and helping us navigate daily life with ease.
But how do these memories form? And what happens when they begin to fade due to conditions like Alzheimer’s disease?
Researchers at UBC’s Faculty of Medicine have uncovered a critical piece of this puzzle. In a study published in Nature Communications, they identify a previously unknown type of brain cell that plays a key role in recognizing and remembering objects.
Called ‘ovoid cells,’ these highly specialized neurons activate each time we encounter something new, triggering a process that stores those objects in memory and allowing us to recognize them months—potentially even years—later.
“Object recognition memory is central to our identity and how we interact with the world,” said Dr. Mark Cembrowski, the study’s senior author, and an associate professor of cellular and physiological sciences at UBC and investigator at the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health. “Knowing if an object is familiar or new can determine everything from survival to day-to-day functioning, and has huge implications for memory-related diseases and disorders.”
Hiding in plain sight
Named for the distinct egg-like shape of their cell body, ovoid cells are present in relatively small numbers within the hippocampus of humans, mice, and other animals.
Adrienne Kinman, a PhD student in Dr. Cembrowski’s lab and the study’s lead author, discovered the cells’ unique properties while analyzing a mouse brain sample, when she noticed a small cluster of neurons with highly distinctive gene expression.
“They were hiding right there in plain sight,” said Kinman. “And with further analysis, we saw that they are quite distinct from other neurons at a cellular and functional level, and in terms of their neural circuitry.”
To understand the role ovoid cells play, Kinman manipulated the cells in mice so they would glow when active inside the brain. The team then used a miniature single-photon microscope to observe the cells as the mice interacted with their environment.
The ovoid cells lit up when the mice encountered an unfamiliar object, but as they grew used to it, the cells stopped responding. In other words, the cells had done their jobs: the mice now remembered the objects.
“What’s remarkable is how vividly these cells react when exposed to something new. It’s rare to witness such a clear link between cell activity and behavior,” said Kinman. “And in mice, the cells can remember a single encounter with an object for months, which is an extraordinary level of sustained memory for these animals.”
New insights for Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy
The researchers are now investigating the role that ovoid cells play in a range of brain disorders. The team’s hypothesis is that when the cells become dysregulated, either too active or not active enough, they could be driving the symptoms of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy.
“Recognition memory is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease—you forget what keys are, or that photo of a person you love. What if we could manipulate these cells to prevent or reverse that?” said Kinman. “And with epilepsy, we’re seeing that ovoid cells are hyperexcitable and could be playing a role in seizure initiation and propagation, making them a promising target for novel treatments.”
For Dr. Cembrowski, discovering the highly specialized neuron upends decades of conventional thinking that the hippocampus contained only a single type of cell that controlled multiple aspects of memory.
“From a fundamental neuroscience perspective, it really transforms our understanding of how memory works,” he said. “It opens the door to the idea that there may be other undiscovered neuron types within the brain, each with specialized roles in learning, memory, and cognition. That creates a world of possibilities that would completely reshape how we approach and treat brain health and disease.”
Reference: “Atypical hippocampal excitatory neurons express and govern object memory” by Adrienne I. Kinman, Derek N. Merryweather, Sarah R. Erwin, Regan E. Campbell, Kaitlin E. Sullivan, Larissa Kraus, Margarita Kapustina, Brianna N. Bristow, Mingjia Y. Zhang, Madeline W. Elder, Sydney C. Wood, Ali Tarik, Esther Kim, Joshua Tindall, William Daniels, Mehwish Anwer, Caiying Guo and Mark S. Cembrowski, 12 February 2025, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56260-8
Never miss a breakthrough: Join the SciTechDaily newsletter.
Follow us on Google and Google News.